Determine the distance from the Earths center to a point

A child sitting 1.20 m from the center of a merry-goround moves with a speed of Calculate (a) the centripetal acceleration of the child and (b) the net horizontal force exerted on the child

A jet plane traveling pulls out of a dive by moving in an arc of radius 5.20 km. What is the planes acceleration in gs?

A horizontal force of 310 N is exerted on a 2.0-kg ball as it rotates (at arms length) uniformly in a horizontal circle of radius 0.90 m. Calculate the speed of the ball

What is the magnitude of the acceleration of a speck of clay on the edge of a potters wheel turning at 45 rpm (revolutions per minute) if the wheels diameter is 35 cm?

A 0.55-kg ball, attached to the end of a horizontal cord, is revolved in a circle of radius 1.3 m on a frictionless horizontal surface. If the cord will break when the tension in it exceeds 75 N, what is the maximum speed the ball can have?

How fast (in rpm) must a centrifuge rotate if a particle 7.00 cm from the axis of rotation is to experience an acceleration of 125,000 gs

(II) A car drives straight down toward the bottom of a valley and up the other side on a road whose bottom has a radius of curvature of 115 m.At the very bottom, the normal force on the driver is twice his weight. At what speed was the car traveling?

How large must the coefficient of static friction be between the tires and the road if a car is to round a level curve of radius 125 m at a speed of 95 km/h

What is the maximum speed with which a 1200-kg car can round a turn of radius 90.0 m on a flat road if the coefficient of friction between tires and road is 0.65? Is this result independent of the mass of the car?

A bucket of mass 2.00 kg is whirled in a vertical circle of radius 1.20 m. At the lowest point of its motion the tension in the rope supporting the bucket is 25.0 N. (a) Find the speed of the bucket. (b) How fast must the bucket move at the top of the circle so that the rope does not go slack?

How many revolutions per minute would a 25-m diameter Ferris wheel need to make for the passengers to feel “weightless” at the topmost point?

A jet pilot takes his aircraft in a vertical loop (Fig. 538). (a) If the jet is moving at a speed of at the lowest point of the loop, determine the minimum radius of the circle so that the centripetal acceleration at the lowest point does not exceed 6.0 gs. (b) Calculate the 78-kg pilots effective weight (the force with which the seat pushes up on him) at the bottom of the circle, and (c) at the top of the circle (assume the same speed)

A proposed space station consists of a circular tube that will rotate about its center (like a tubular bicycle tire), Fig. 539. The circle formed by the tube has a diameter of 1.1 km. What must be the rotation speed (revolutions per day) if an effect nearly equal to gravity at the surface of the Earth (say, 0.90 g) is to be felt?

On an ice rink two skaters of equal mass grab hands and spin in a mutual circle once every 2.5 s. If we assume their arms are each 0.80 m long and their individual masses are 55.0 kg, how hard are they pulling on one another?

A coin is placed 13.0 cm from the axis of a rotating turntable of variable speed. When the speed of the turntable is slowly increased, the coin remains fixed on the turntable until a rate of 38.0 rpm (revolutions per minute) is reached, at which point the coin slides off. What is the coefficient of static friction between the coin and the turntable?

The design of a new road includes a straight stretch that is horizontal and flat but that suddenly dips down a steep hill at 18. The transition should be rounded with what minimum radius so that cars traveling will not leave the road (Fig. 540)?

Two blocks, with masses and are connected to each other and to a central post by thin rods as shown in Fig. 541. The blocks revolve about the post at the same frequency f (revolutions per second) on a frictionless horizontal surface at distances and from the post. Derive an algebraic expression for the tension in each rod.

(II) Tarzan plans to cross a gorge by swinging in an arc from a hanging vine (Fig. 5–42). If his arms are capable of exerting a force of 1150 N on the vine, what is the maximum speed he can tolerate at the lowest point of his swing? His mass is 78 kg and the vine is 4.7 m long.

A 975-kg sports car (including driver) crosses the rounded top of a hill at Determine (a) the normal force exerted by the road on the car, (b) the normal force exerted by the car on the 62.0-kg driver, and (c) the car speed at which the normal force on the driver equals zero

(II) Highway curves are marked with a suggested speed. If this speed is based on what would be safe in wet weather, estimate the radius of curvature for an unbanked curve marked 50 km/h. Use Table 4–2 (coefficients of friction).

A pilot performs an evasive maneuver by diving vertically at If he can withstand an acceleration of 8.0 gs without blacking out, at what altitude must he begin to pull his plane out of the dive to avoid crashing into the sea?

If a curve with a radius of 95 m is properly banked for a car traveling what must be the coefficient of static friction for a car not to skid when traveling at

A curve of radius 78 m is banked for a design speed of If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30 (wet pavement), at what range of speeds can a car safely make the curve? [Hint: Consider the direction of the friction force when the car goes too slow or too fast.]

Determine the tangential and centripetal components of the net force exerted on the car (by the ground) in Example 58 when its speed is The cars mass is 950 kg

A car at the Indianapolis 500 accelerates uniformly from the pit area, going from rest to in a semicircular arc with a radius of 220 m. Determine the tangential and radial acceleration of the car when it is halfway through the arc, assuming constant tangential acceleration. If the curve were flat, what coefficient of static friction would be necessary between the tires and the road to provide this acceleration with no slipping or skidding?

For each of the cases described below, sketch and label the total acceleration vector, the radial acceleration vector, and the tangential acceleration vector. (a) A car is accelerating from to as it rounds a curve of constant radius. (b) A car is going a constant as it rounds a curve of constant radius. (c) A car slows down while rounding a curve of constant radius

A particle revolves in a horizontal circle of radius 1.95 m. At a particular instant, its acceleration is in a direction that makes an angle of 25.0 to its direction of motion. Determine its speed (a) at this moment, and (b) 2.00 s later, assuming constant tangential acceleration.

Calculate the force of Earths gravity on a spacecraft 2.00 Earth radii above the Earths surface if its mass is 1850 kg.

At the surface of a certain planet, the gravitational acceleration g has a magnitude of A 24.0-kg brass ball is transported to this planet. What is (a) the mass of the brass ball on the Earth and on the planet, and (b) the weight of the brass ball on the Earth and on the planet

At what distance from the Earth will a spacecraft traveling directly from the Earth to the Moon experience zero net force because the Earth and Moon pull in opposite directions with equal force?

Two objects attract each other gravitationally with a force of when they are 0.25 m apart. Their total mass is 4.00 kg. Find their individual masses.

A hypothetical planet has a radius 2.0 times that of Earth, but has the same mass. What is the acceleration due to gravity near its surface?

Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon, which has radius and mass

Estimate the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of Europa (one of the moons of Jupiter) given that its mass is and making the assumption that its mass per unit volume is the same as Earths.

Given that the acceleration of gravity at the surface of Mars is 0.38 of what it is on Earth, and that Mars radius is 3400 km, determine the mass of Mars

Find the net force on the Moon due to the gravitational attraction of both the Earth and the Sun assuming they are at right angles to each other, Fig. 543.

A hypothetical planet has a mass 2.80 times that of Earth, but has the same radius. What is g near its surface?

If you doubled the mass and tripled the radius of a planet, by what factor would g at its surface change?

Calculate the effective value of g, the acceleration of gravity, at (a) 6400 m, and (b) 6400 km, above the Earths surface.

You are explaining to friends why an astronaut feels weightless orbiting in the space shuttle, and they respond that they thought gravity was just a lot weaker up there. Convince them that it isnt so by calculating how much weaker (in %) gravity is 380 km above the Earths surface.

Every few hundred years most of the planets line up on the same side of the Sun. Calculate the total force on the Earth due to Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn, assuming all four planets are in a line, Fig. 544. The masses are and the mean distances of the four planets from the Sun are 108, 150, 778, and 1430 million km. What fraction of the Suns force on the Earth is this?

Four 7.5-kg spheres are located at the corners of a square of side 0.80 m. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the gravitational force exerted on one sphere by the other three

Determine the distance from the Earths center to a point outside the Earth where the gravitational acceleration due to the Earth is of its value at the Earths surface.

A certain neutron star has five times the mass of our Sun packed into a sphere about 10 km in radius. Estimate the surface gravity on this monster.

A space shuttle releases a satellite into a circular orbit 780 km above the Earth. How fast must the shuttle be moving (relative to Earths center) when the release occurs?

Calculate the speed of a satellite moving in a stable circular orbit about the Earth at a height of 4800 km.

You know your mass is 62 kg, but when you stand on a bathroom scale in an elevator, it says your mass is 77 kg. What is the acceleration of the elevator, and in which direction

A 12.0-kg monkey hangs from a cord suspended from the ceiling of an elevator. The cord can withstand a tension of 185 N and breaks as the elevator accelerates. What was the elevators minimum acceleration (magnitude and direction)

Calculate the period of a satellite orbiting the Moon, 95 km above the Moons surface. Ignore effects of the Earth. The radius of the Moon is 1740 km

Two satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 7500 km and 15,000 km above the Earths surface. Which satellite is faster, and by what factor?

What will a spring scale read for the weight of a 58.0-kg woman in an elevator that moves (a) upward with constant speed (b) downward with constant speed (c) with an upward acceleration 0.23 g, (d) with a downward acceleration 0.23 g, and (e) in free fall?

Determine the time it takes for a satellite to orbit the Earth in a circular near-Earth orbit. A near-Earth orbit is at a height above the surface of the Earth that is very small compared to the radius of the Earth. [Hint: You may take the acceleration due to gravity as essentially the same as that on the surface.] Does your result depend on the mass of the satellite?

What is the apparent weight of a 75-kg astronaut 2500 km from the center of the Moon in a space vehicle (a) moving at constant velocity and (b) accelerating toward the Moon at State direction in each case.

A Ferris wheel 22.0 m in diameter rotates once every 12.5 s (see Fig. 59). What is the ratio of a persons apparent weight to her real weight at (a) the top, and (b) the bottom?

At what rate must a cylindrical spaceship rotate if occupants are to experience simulated gravity of 0.70 g? Assume the spaceships diameter is 32 m, and give your answer as the time needed for one revolution. (See Question 9, Fig 533.)

Show that if a satellite orbits very near the surface of a planet with period T, the density ( mass per unit volume) of the planet is (b) Estimate the density of the Earth, given that a satellite near the surface orbits with a period of 85 min. Approximate the Earth as a uniform sphere

Neptune is an average distance of from the Sun. Estimate the length of the Neptunian year using the fact that the Earth is from the Sun on average

(I) The asteroid Icarus, though only a few hundred meters across, orbits the Sun like the planets. Its period is 410 d. What is its mean distance from the Sun?

(I) Use Kepler’s laws and the period of the Moon (27.4 d) to determine the period of an artificial satellite orbiting very near the Earth’s surface.

Determine the mass of the Earth from the known period and distance of the Moon

Our Sun revolves about the center of our Galaxy at a distance of about lightyears What is the period of the Suns orbital motion about the center of the Galaxy?

Table 53 gives the mean distance, period, and mass for the four largest moons of Jupiter (those discovered by Galileo in 1609). Determine the mass of Jupiter: (a) using the data for Io; (b) using data for each of the other three moons. Are the results consistent?

Determine the mean distance from Jupiter for each of Jupiters principal moons, using Keplers third law. Use the distance of Io and the periods given in Table 53. Compare your results to the values in Table 53.

Planet A and planet B are in circular orbits around a distant star. Planet A is 7.0 times farther from the star than is planet B. What is the ratio of their speeds

Halleys comet orbits the Sun roughly once every 76 years. It comes very close to the surface of the Sun on its closest approach (Fig. 545). Estimate the greatest distance of the comet from the Sun. Is it still in the solar system? What planets orbit is nearest when it is out there?

(III) The comet Hale–Bopp has an orbital period of 2400 years. (a) What is its mean distance from the Sun? (b) At its closest approach, the comet is about 1.0 AU from the Sun ( 1 AU = distance from Earth to the Sun). What is the farthest distance? (c) What is the ratio of the speed at the closest point to the speed at the farthest point?

Calculate the centripetal acceleration of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, and the net force exerted on the Earth. What exerts this force on the Earth? Assume that the Earth’s orbit is a circle of radius \(1.50 \times 10^{11} \ \mathrm m\).

A flat puck (mass M) is revolved in a circle on a frictionless air hockey table top, and is held in this orbit by a massless cord which is connected to a dangling mass (mass m) through a central hole as shown in Fig. 546. Show that the speed of the puck is given by

A device for training astronauts and jet fighter pilots is designed to move the trainee in a horizontal circle of radius 11.0 m. If the force felt by the trainee is 7.45 times her own weight, how fast is she revolving? Express your answer in both and

A 1050-kg car rounds a curve of radius 72 m banked at an angle of 14. If the car is traveling at will a friction force be required? If so, how much and in what direction?

In a Rotor-ride at a carnival, people rotate in a vertical cylindrically walled room. (See Fig. 547.) If the room radius is 5.5 m, and the rotation frequency 0.50 revolutions per second when the floor drops out, what minimum coefficient of static friction keeps the people from slipping down? People on this ride said they were pressed against the wall. Is there really an outward force pressing them against the wall? If so, what is its source? If not, what is the proper description of their situation (besides nausea)? [Hint: Draw a free-body diagram for a person.

While fishing, you get bored and start to swing a sinker weight around in a circle below you on a 0.25- m piece of fishing line. The weight makes a complete circle every 0.75 s. What is the angle that the fishing line makes with the vertical? [Hint: See Fig. 510.]

At what minimum speed must a roller coaster be traveling so that passengers upside down at the top of the circle (Fig. 548) do not fall out? Assume a radius of curvature of 8.6 m.

Consider a train that rounds a curve with a radius of 570 m at a speed of 160 km/h (approximately 100 mi/h). (a) Calculate the friction force needed on a train passenger of mass 55 kg if the track is not banked and the train does not tilt. (b) Calculate the friction force on the passenger if the train tilts at an angle of \(8.0^{\circ}\) toward the center of the curve.

wo equal-mass stars maintain a constant distance apart of and revolve about a point midway between them at a rate of one revolution every 12.6 yr. (a) Why dont the two stars crash into one another due to the gravitational force between them? (b) What must be the mass of each star?

How far above the Earths surface will the acceleration of gravity be half what it is at the surface?

Is it possible to whirl a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle so that the water wont fall out? If so, what is the minimum speed? Define all quantities needed.

How long would a day be if the Earth were rotating so fast that objects at the equator were apparently weightless?

The rings of Saturn are composed of chunks of ice that orbit the planet. The inner radius of the rings is 73,000 km, and the outer radius is 170,000 km. Find the period of an orbiting chunk of ice at the inner radius and the period of a chunk at the outer radius. Compare your numbers with Saturns own rotation period of 10 hours and 39 minutes. The mass of Saturn is 5.7 x 10 26 kg.

Suppose David puts a 0.60-kg rock into a sling of length 1.5 m and begins whirling the rock in a nearly horizontal circle, accelerating it from rest to a rate of 75 rpm after 5.0 s. What is the torque required to achieve this feat, and where does the torque come from?

The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) utilizes a group of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth. Using triangulation and signals transmitted by these satellites, the position of a receiver on the Earth can be determined to within an accuracy of a few centimeters. The satellite orbits are distributed around the Earth, allowing continuous navigational fixes. The satellites orbit at an altitude of approximately 11,000 nautical miles [1 nautical mile (a) Determine the speed of each satellite. (b) Determine the period of each satellit

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft, after traveling 2.1 billion km, is meant to orbit the asteroid Eros with an orbital radius of about 20 km. Eros is roughly Assume Eros has a density of about (a) If Eros were a sphere with the same mass and density, what would its radius be? (b) What would g be at the surface of a spherical Eros? (c) Estimate the orbital period of NEAR as it orbits Eros, as if Eros were a sphere.

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft, after traveling 2.1 billion km, is meant to orbit the asteroid Eros with an orbital radius of about 20 km. Eros is roughly Assume Eros has a density of about (a) If Eros were a sphere with the same mass and density, what would its radius be? (b) What would g be at the surface of a spherical Eros? (c) Estimate the orbital period of NEAR as it orbits Eros, as if Eros were a sphere.

The Sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy (Fig. 549) at a distance of about 30,000 light-years from the center If it takes about 200 million years to make one revolution, estimate the mass of our Galaxy. Assume that the mass distribution of our Galaxy is concentrated mostly in a central uniform sphere. If all the stars had about the mass of our Sun how many stars would there be in our Galaxy? A2 *

A satellite of mass 5500 kg orbits the Earth and has a period of 6600 s. Determine (a) the radius of its circular orbit, (b) the magnitude of the Earths gravitational force on the satellite, and (c) the altitude of the satellite

Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope deduced the presence of an extremely massive core in the distant galaxy M87, so dense that it could be a black hole (from which no light escapes). They did this by measuring the speed of gas clouds orbiting the core to be at a distance of 60 light-years from the core. Deduce the mass of the core, and compare it to the mass of our Sun

Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope deduced the presence of an extremely massive core in the distant galaxy M87, so dense that it could be a black hole (from which no light escapes). They did this by measuring the speed of gas clouds orbiting the core to be at a distance of 60 light-years from the core. Deduce the mass of the core, and compare it to the mass of our Sun

A science-fiction tale describes an artificial planet in the form of a band completely encircling a sun (Fig. 550). The inhabitants live on the inside surface (where it is always noon). Imagine that this sun is exactly like our own, that the distance to the band is the same as the EarthSun distance (to make the climate livable), and that the ring rotates quickly enough to produce an apparent gravity of g as on Earth. What will be the period of revolution, this planets year, in Earth days?

A science-fiction tale describes an artificial planet in the form of a band completely encircling a sun (Fig. 550). The inhabitants live on the inside surface (where it is always noon). Imagine that this sun is exactly like our own, that the distance to the band is the same as the EarthSun distance (to make the climate livable), and that the ring rotates quickly enough to produce an apparent gravity of g as on Earth. What will be the period of revolution, this planets year, in Earth days?

Problem 1COQ You revolve a ball around you in a horizontal circle at constant speed on a string, as shown here from above. Which path will the ball follow if you let go of the string when the ball is at point P?

Problem 1MCQ While driving fast around a sharp right turn, you find yourself pressing against the car door. What is happening? (a) Centrifugal force is pushing you into the door. (b) The door is exerting a rightward force on you. (c) Both of the above. (d) Neither of the above.

Problem 1P (I) A child sitting 1.20 m from the center of a merry-go-round moves with a speed of 1.10 m/s Calculate (a) the centripetal acceleration of the child and (b) the net horizontal force exerted on the child (mass = 22.5 kg).

Problem 1Q How many “accelerators” do you have in your car? There are at least three controls in the car which can be used to cause the car to accelerate. What are they? What accelerations do they produce?

Problem 2COQ A space station revolves around the Earth as a satellite, 100 km above Earth’s surface. What is the net force on an astronaut at rest inside the space station? (a) Equal to her weight on Earth. (b) A little less than her weight on Earth. (c) Less than half her weight on Earth. (d) Zero (she is weightless). (e) Somewhat larger than her weight on Earth.

Problem 2MCQ Which of the following point towards the center of the circle in uniform circular motion? (a) Acceleration. (b) Velocity, acceleration, net force. (c) Velocity, acceleration. (d) Velocity, net force. (e) Acceleration, net force.

(I) A jet plane traveling 1890 km/h (525 m/s) pulls out of a dive by moving in an arc of radius 5.20 km. What is the plane’s acceleration in g’s?

Problem 2Q A car rounds a curve at a steady 50km/h. If it rounds the same curve at a steady 70 km/h, will its acceleration be any different? Explain.

Redo Example 5–3, precisely this time, by not ignoring the weight of the ball which revolves on a string 0.600 m long. In particular, find the magnitude of \(\vec{F}_{T}\), and the angle it makes with the horizontal. [Hint: Set the horizontal component of \(\vec{F}_{T}\) equal to \(m a_{R}\); also, since there is no vertical motion, what can you say about the vertical component of \(\vec{F}_{T}\)?] ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: vector F_T vector F_T ma_R vector F_T

A Ping-Pong ball is shot into a circular tube that is lying flat (horizontal) on a tabletop. When the Ping-Pong ball exits the tube, which path will it follow in Fig. 5–35?

Problem 3P (I) A horizontal force of 310 N is exerted on a 2.0-kg ball as it rotates (at arm’s length) uniformly in a horizontal circle of radius 0.90 m. Calculate the speed of the ball.

Problem 3Q Will the acceleration of a car be the same when a car travels around a sharp curve at a constant 60 km/h as when it travels around a gentle curve at the same speed? Explain.

Problem 3SL A banked curve of radius R in a new highway is designed so that a car traveling at speed v0 can negotiate the turn safely on glare ice (zero friction). If a car travels too slowly, then it will slip toward the center of the circle. If it travels too fast, it will slip away from the center of the circle. If the coefficient of static friction increases, it becomes possible for a car to stay on the road while traveling at a speed within a range from Vmin to Vmax Derive formulas for Vmin and Vmax as functions of ?, v0, and R.

Problem 4MCQ A car drives at steady speed around a perfectly circular track. (a) The car’s acceleration is zero. (b) The net force on the car is zero. (c) Both the acceleration and net force on the car point outward. (d) Both the acceleration and net force on the car point inward. (e) If there is no friction, the acceleration is outward.

Problem 4P (II) What is the magnitude of the acceleration of a speck of clay on the edge of a potter’s wheel turning at 45 rpm (revolutions per minute) if the wheel’s diameter is 35 cm?

Problem 4Q Describe all the forces acting on a child riding a horse on a merry-go-round. Which of these forces provides the centripetal acceleration of the child?

Problem 4SL Earth is not quite an inertial frame. We often make measurements in a reference frame fixed on the Earth, assuming Earth is an inertial reference frame [Section 4–2]. But the Earth rotates, so this assumption is not quite valid. Show that this assumption is off by 3 parts in 1000 by calculating the acceleration of an object at Earth’s equator due to Earth’s daily rotation, and compare to g =9.80 m/s2 the acceleration due to gravity.

Problem 5EB Return to Chapter-Opening Question 1, page 109, and answer it again now. Try to explain why you may have answered differently the first time. 1. You revolve a ball around you in a horizontal circle at constant speed on a string, as shown here from above. Which path will the ball follow if you let go of the string when the ball is at point P?

In Example 5–1, if the radius is doubled to 1.20 m, but the period stays the same, the centripetal acceleration will change by a factor of: (a) 2; (b) 4; (c) \(\frac{1}{2}\); (d) \(\frac{1}{4}\); (e) none of these. † Differences in the final digit can depend on whether you keep all digits in your calculator for v (which gives \(a_{R}=94.7 \mathrm{\ m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\)), or if you use \(v=7.54 \mathrm{\ m} / \mathrm{s}\) (which gives \(a_{R}=94.8 \mathrm{\ m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\)). Both results are valid since our assumed accuracy is about \(\pm 0.1 \mathrm{\ m} / \mathrm{s}\) (see Section 1 &0.1 ms –4). ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 1 over 2 1 over 4 a_R=94.7 m/s^2 v=7.54 m/s a_R=94.8 m/s^2 +/- 0.1 m/s

A rider on a Ferris wheel moves in a vertical circle of radius r at constant speed v (Fig. 5–9). Is the normal force that the seat exerts on the rider at the top of the wheel () less than, (b) more than, or (c) the same as, the force the seat exerts at the bottom of the wheel?

To negotiate a flat (unbanked) curve at a faster speed, a driver puts a couple of sand bags in his van aiming to increase the force of friction between the tires and the road. Will the sand bags help? The banking of curves can reduce the chance of skidding. The normal force exerted by a banked road, acting perpendicular to the road, will have a component toward the center of the circle (Fig. 5-14), thus reducing the reliance on friction. For a given banking angle \(\theta\), there will be one speed for which no friction at all is required. This will be the case when the horizontal component of the normal force toward the center of the curve, \(F_{N} \ \sin \theta\) (see Fig. 5-14), is just equal to the force required to give a vehicle its centripetal acceleration-that is, when \(F_{N} \ \sin \theta=m \frac{v^{2}}{r}\) [no friction required] The banking angle of a road, \(\theta\), is chosen so that this condition holds for a particular speed, called the “design speed.” Equation Transcription: FN sin? FN sin? = m Text Transcription: theta FN sin? theta FN sin? theta = m v^2/r

Suppose you could double the mass of a planet but keep its volume the same. How would the acceleration of gravity, g, at the surface change?

Problem 5EF Return to Chapter-Opening Question 2, page 109, and answer it again now. Try to explain why you may have answered differently the first time. 2. A space station revolves around the Earth as a satellite, 100 km above Earth’s surface. What is the net force on an astronaut at rest inside the space station? (a) Equal to her weight on Earth. (b) A little less than her weight on Earth. (c) Less than half her weight on Earth. (d) Zero (she is weightless).\ (e) Somewhat larger than her weight on Earth.

Problem 5MCQ A child whirls a ball in a vertical circle. Assuming the speed of the ball is constant (an approximation), when would the tension in the cord connected to the ball be greatest? (a) At the top of the circle. (b) At the bottom of the circle. (c) A little after the bottom of the circle when the ball is climbing. (d) A little before the bottom of the circle when the ball is descending quickly. (e) Nowhere; the cord is stretched the same amount at all points.

Problem 5P (II) A 0.55-kg ball, attached to the end of a horizontal cord, is revolved in a circle of radius 1.3 m on a frictionless horizontal surface. If the cord will break when the tension in it exceeds 75 N, what is the maximum speed the ball can have?

A child on a sled comes flying over the crest of a small hill, as shown in Fig. 5–32. His sled does not leave the ground, but he feels the normal force between his chest and the sled decrease as he goes over the hill. Explain this decrease using Newton’s second law.

Problem 5SL A certain white dwarf star was once an average star like our Sun. But now it is in the last stage of its evolution and is the size of our Moon but has the mass of our Sun. (a) Estimate the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of this star. (b) How much would a 65-kg person weigh on this star? Give as a percentage of the person’s weight on Earth. (c) What would be the speed of a baseball dropped from a height of 1.0 m when it hit the surface?

In a rotating vertical cylinder (Rotor-ride) a rider finds herself pressed with her back to the rotating wall. Which is the correct free-body diagram for her (Fig. 5–36)?

(II) How fast (in rpm) must a centrifuge rotate if a particle 7.00 cm from the axis of rotation is to experience an acceleration of 125,000 g’s?

Problem 6Q Sometimes it is said that water is removed from clothes in the spin dryer by centrifugal force throwing the water outward. Is this correct? Discuss.

Problem 6SL Jupiter is about 320 times as massive as the Earth. Thus, it has been claimed that a person would be crushed by the force of gravity on a planet the size of Jupiter because people cannot survive more than a few g’s. Calculate the number of g’s a person would experience at Jupiter’s equator, using the following data for Jupiter: mass = 1.9 X 1027 kg, equatorial radius= 7.1 X 104 km, rotation Period = 9hr 55 min. Take the centripetal acceleration into account. [See Sections 5–2, 5–6, and 5–7.]

Problem 7MCQ The Moon does not crash into the Earth because: (a) the net force on it is zero. (b) it is beyond the main pull of the Earth’s gravity. (c) it is being pulled by the Sun as well as by the Earth. (d) it is freely falling but it has a high tangential velocity

Problem 7P (II) A car drives straight down toward the bottom of a valley and up the other side on a road whose bottom has a radius of curvature of 115 m.At the very bottom, the normal force on the driver is twice his weight. At what speed was the car traveling?

Problem 7Q A girl is whirling a ball on a string around her head in a horizontal plane. She wants to let go at precisely the right time so that the ball will hit a target on the other side of the yard. When should she let go of the string?

A plumb bob (a mass hanging on a string) is deflected from the vertical by an angle \(\theta\) due to a massive mountain nearby (Fig. 5-51). ( ) Find an approximate formula for \(\theta\) in terms of the mass of the mountain, \(m_{M}\), the distance to its center, \(D_{M}\), and the radius and mass of the Earth. (b) Make a rough estimate of the mass of Mt. Everest, assuming it has the shape of a cone high and base of diameter . Assume its mass per unit volume is per \(m^{3}\). (c) Estimate the angle \(\theta\) of the plumb bob if it is from the center of Mt. Everest. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: theta theta m_M D_M m^3 D_M theta m vector g vector F_M

Problem 8MCQ Which pulls harder gravitationally, the Earth on the Moon, or the Moon on the Earth? Which accelerates more? (a) The Earth on the Moon; the Earth. (b) The Earth on the Moon; the Moon. (c) The Moon on the Earth; the Earth. (d) The Moon on the Earth; the Moon. (e) Both the same; the Earth. (f) Both the same; the Moon.

Problem 8P (II) How large must the coefficient of static friction be between the tires and the road if a car is to round a level curve of radius 125 m at a speed of 95 km/h?

Problem 8Q A bucket of water can be whirled in a vertical circle without the water spilling out, even at the top of the circle when the bucket is upside down. Explain.

() Explain why a Full moon always rises at sunset. (b) Explain how the position of the Moon in Fig. 5–31b cannot be seen yet by the person at the red dot (shown at 6 PM). (c) Explain why the red dot is where it is in parts (b) and (e), and show where it should be in part (d). (d) PRETTY HARD. Determine the average period of the Moon around the Earth (sidereal period) starting with the synodic period of 29.53 days as observed from Earth. [Hint: First determine the angle of the Moon in Fig. 5–31e relative to “horizontal,” as in part (a).]

Problem 9MCQ In the International Space Station which orbits Earth, astronauts experience apparent weightlessness because (a) the station is so far away from the center of the Earth. (b) the station is kept in orbit by a centrifugal force that counteracts the Earth’s gravity. (c) the astronauts and the station are in free fall towards the center of the Earth. (d) there is no gravity in space. (e) the station’s high speed nullifies the effects of gravity.

Problem 9P (II) What is the maximum speed with which a 1200-kg car can round a turn of radius 90.0 m on a flat road if the coefficient of friction between tires and road is 0.65? Is this result independent of the mass of the car?

Astronauts who spend long periods in outer space could be adversely affected by weightlessness. One way to simulate gravity is to shape the spaceship like a cylindrical shell that rotates, with the astronauts walking on the inside surface (Fig. 5–33). Explain how this simulates gravity. Consider (a) how objects fall, (b) the force we feel on our feet, and (c) any other aspects of gravity you can think of.

Problem 10MCQ Two satellites orbit the Earth in circular orbits of the same radius. One satellite is twice as massive as the other. Which statement is true about the speeds of these satellites? (a) The heavier satellite moves twice as fast as the lighter one. (b) The two satellites have the same speed. (c) The lighter satellite moves twice as fast as the heavier one. (d) The ratio of their speeds depends on the orbital radius.

Problem 10P (II) A bucket of mass 2.00 kg is whirled in a vertical circle of radius 1.20 m. At the lowest point of its motion the tension in the rope supporting the bucket is 25.0 N. (a) Find the speed of the bucket. (b) How fast must the bucket move at the top of the circle so that the rope does not go slack?

A car maintains a constant speed v as it traverses the hill and valley shown in Fig. 5–34. Both the hill and valley have a radius of curvature R. At which point, A, B, or C, is the normal force acting on the car (a) the largest, (b) the smallest? Explain. (c) Where would the driver feel heaviest and (d) lightest? Explain. (e) How fast can the car go without losing contact with the road at A?

Problem 11MCQ A space shuttle in orbit around the Earth carries its payload with its mechanical arm. Suddenly, the arm malfunctions and releases the payload. What will happen to the payload? (a) It will fall straight down and hit the Earth. (b) It will follow a curved path and eventually hit the Earth. (c) It will remain in the same orbit with the shuttle. (d) It will drift out into deep space

How many revolutions per minute would a 25-mdiameter Ferris wheel need to make for the passengers to feel “weightless” at the topmost point?

Problem 11Q Can a particle with constant speed be accelerating? What if it has constant velocity? Explain.

A penny is placed on a turntable which is spinning clockwise as shown in Fig. 5–37. If the power to the turntable is turned off, which arrow best represents the direction of the acceleration of the penny at point P while the turntable is still spinning but slowing down?

(II) A jet pilot takes his aircraft in a vertical loop (Fig. 5–38). (a) If the jet is moving at a speed of 840 km/h at the lowest point of the loop, determine the minimum radius of the circle so that the centripetal acceleration at the lowest point does not exceed 6.0 g’s. (b) Calculate the 78-kg pilot’s effective weight (the force with which the seat pushes up on him) at the bottom of the circle, and (c) at the top of the circle (assume the same speed).

Why do airplanes bank when they turn? How would you compute the banking angle given the airspeed and radius of the turn? [Hint: Assume an aerodynamic “lift” force acts perpendicular to the wings. See also Example 5–7.]

(II) A proposed space station consists of a circular tube that will rotate about its center (like a tubular bicycle tire), Fig. 5–39. The circle formed by the tube has a diameter of 1.1 km. What must be the rotation speed (revolutions per day) if an effect nearly equal to gravity at the surface of the Earth (say, 0.90 g) is to be felt?

Problem 13Q Does an apple exert a gravitational force on the Earth? If so, how large a force? Consider an apple (a) attached to a tree and (b) falling.

Problem 14P (II) On an ice rink two skaters of equal mass grab hands and spin in a mutual circle once every 2.5 s. If we assume their arms are each 0.80 m long and their individual masses are 55.0 kg, how hard are they pulling on one another?

Problem 14Q Why is more fuel required for a spacecraft to travel from the Earth to the Moon than to return from the Moon to the Earth?

Problem 15P (II) A coin is placed 13.0 cm from the axis of a rotating turntable of variable speed. When the speed of the turntable is slowly increased, the coin remains fixed on the turntable until a rate of 38.0 rpm (revolutions per minute) is reached, at which point the coin slides off. What is the coefficient of static friction between the coin and the turntable?

Problem 15Q Would it require less speed to launch a satellite (a) toward the east or (b) toward the west? Consider the Earth’s rotation direction and explain your choice.

(II) The design of a new road includes a straight stretch that is horizontal and flat but that suddenly dips down a steep hill at 18°. The transition should be rounded with what minimum radius so that cars traveling 95 km/h will not leave the road (Fig. 5-40)?

Problem 16Q An antenna loosens and becomes detached from a satellite in a circular orbit around the Earth. Describe the antenna’s subsequent motion. If it will land on the Earth, describe where; if not, describe how it could be made to land on the Earth.

(II) Two blocks, with masses \(m_{A}\) and \(m_{B}\), are connected to each other and to a central post by thin rods as shown in Fig. 5–41. The blocks revolve about the post at the same frequency f (revolutions per second) on a frictionless horizontal surface at distances \(r_{A}\) and \(r_{B}\) from the post. Derive an algebraic expression for the tension in each rod. ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: m_A m_B r_A r_B m_A m_B r_A r_B

Problem 17Q The Sun is below us at midnight, nearly in line with the Earth’s center. Are we then heavier at midnight, due to the Sun’s gravitational force on us, than we are at noon? Explain.

(II) Tarzan plans to cross a gorge by swinging in an arc from a hanging vine (Fig. 5–42). If his arms are capable of exerting a force of 1150 N on the vine, what is the maximum speed he can tolerate at the lowest point of his swing? His mass is 78 kg and the vine is 4.7 m long.

Problem 18Q When will your apparent weight be the greatest, as measured by a scale in a moving elevator: when the elevator (a) accelerates downward, (b) accelerates upward, (c) is in free fall, or (d) moves upward at constant speed? (e) In which case would your apparent weight be the least? (f) When would it be the same as when you are on the ground? Explain.

Problem 19P (II) A 975-kg sports car (including driver) crosses the rounded top of a hill (radius = 88.0 m) at 18.0 m/s. Determine (a) the normal force exerted by the road on the car, (b) the normal force exerted by the car on the 62.0-kg driver, and (c) the car speed at which the normal force on the driver equals zero.

Problem 19Q The source of the Mississippi River is closer to the center of the Earth than is its outlet in Louisiana (because the Earth is fatter at the equator than at the poles). Explain how the Mississippi can flow “uphill.”

Problem 20P (II) Highway curves are marked with a suggested speed. If this speed is based on what would be safe in wet weather, estimate the radius of curvature for an unbanked curve marked 50 km/h. Use Table 4–2 (coefficients of friction).

Problem 20Q People sometimes ask, “What keeps a satellite up in its orbit around the Earth?” How would you respond?

Problem 21P (III) A pilot performs an evasive maneuver by diving vertically at 270 m/s. If he can withstand an acceleration of 8.0 g’s without blacking out, at what altitude must he begin to pull his plane out of the dive to avoid crashing into the sea?

Problem 21Q Is the centripetal acceleration of Mars in its orbit around the Sun larger or smaller than the centripetal acceleration of the Earth? Explain.

Problem 22P (III) If a curve with a radius of 95 m is properly banked for a car traveling 65 km/h, what must be the coefficient of static friction for a car not to skid when traveling at 95 km/h?

Problem 22Q The mass of the “planet” Pluto was not known until it was discovered to have a moon. Explain how this enabled an estimate of Pluto’s mass.

Problem 23P (III) A curve of radius 78 m is banked for a design speed of 85 km/h. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30 (wet pavement), at what range of speeds can a car safely make the curve? [Hint: Consider the direction of the friction force when the car goes too slow or too fast.]

Problem 23Q The Earth moves faster in its orbit around the Sun in January than in July. Is the Earth closer to the Sun in January, or in July? Explain. [Note: This is not much of a factor in producing the seasons—the main factor is the tilt of the Earth’s axis relative to the plane of its orbit.]

(I) Determine the tangential and centripetal components of the net force exerted on the car (by the ground) in Example 5–8 when its speed is The car’s mass is 950 kg.

Problem 25P (II) A car at the Indianapolis 500 accelerates uniformly from the pit area, going from rest to 270 km/h in a semicircular arc with a radius of 220 m. Determine the tangential and radial acceleration of the car when it is halfway through the arc, assuming constant tangential acceleration. If the curve were flat, what coefficient of static friction would be necessary between the tires and the road to provide this acceleration with no slipping or skidding?

Problem 26P (II) For each of the cases described below, sketch and label the total acceleration vector, the radial acceleration vector, and the tangential acceleration vector. (a) A car is accelerating from 55 km/h to 70 km/h as it rounds a curve of constant radius. (b) A car is going a constant as it rounds a curve of constant radius. (c) A car slows down while rounding a curve of constant radius.

(III) A particle revolves in a horizontal circle of radius 1.95 m. At a particular instant, its acceleration is \(1.05 \ \mathrm {m/s}^2\), in a direction that makes an angle of \(25.0^\circ\) to its direction of motion. Determine its speed (a) at this moment, and (b) 2.00 s later, assuming constant tangential acceleration.

Problem 28P (III) A particle revolves in a horizontal circle of radius 1.95 m. At a particular instant, its acceleration is 1.05 m/s2, in a direction that makes an angle of 25.0° to its direction of motion. Determine its speed (a) at this moment, and (b) 2.00 s later, assuming constant tangential acceleration.

Problem 29P (I) At the surface of a certain planet, the gravitational acceleration g has a magnitude of 12.0 m/s2 A 24.0-kg brass ball is transported to this planet. What is (a) the mass of the brass ball on the Earth and on the planet, and (b) the weight of the brass ball on the Earth and on the planet?

Problem 30P (II) At what distance from the Earth will a spacecraft traveling directly from the Earth to the Moon experience zero net force because the Earth and Moon pull in opposite directions with equal force?

Problem 31P (II) Two objects attract each other gravitationally with a force of 2.5 X 10-10 when they are 0.25 m apart. Their total mass is 4.00 kg. Find their individual masses.

Problem 32P (II) A hypothetical planet has a radius 2.0 times that of Earth, but has the same mass. What is the acceleration due to gravity near its surface?

(II) Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon, which has radius \(1.74 \times 10^6\ m\) and mass \(7.35 \times 10^{22}\ kg\).

Problem 34P (II) Estimate the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of Europa (one of the moons of Jupiter) given that its mass is 4.9 X 1022 and making the assumption that its mass per unit volume is the same as Earth’s.

Problem 37P (II) A hypothetical planet has a mass 2.80 times that of Earth, but has the same radius. What is g near its surface?

Problem 35P (II) Given that the acceleration of gravity at the surface of Mars is 0.38 of what it is on Earth, and that Mars’ radius is 3400 km, determine the mass of Mars.

Problem 38P (II) If you doubled the mass and tripled the radius of a planet, by what factor would g at its surface change?

Problem 39P (II) Calculate the effective value of g, the acceleration of gravity, at (a) 6400 m, and (b) 6400 km, above the Earth’s surface.

Problem 40P (II) You are explaining to friends why an astronaut feels weightless orbiting in the space shuttle, and they respond that they thought gravity was just a lot weaker up there. Convince them that it isn’t so by calculating how much weaker (in %) gravity is 380 km above the Earth’s surface.

(II) Every few hundred years most of the planets line up on the same side of the Sun. Calculate the total force on the Earth due to Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn, assuming all four planets are in a line, Fig. 5-44. The masses are \(m_V=0.815\ m_E\), \(\m_J=318\ m_E), \(m_{Sat}=95.1\ m_E\), and the mean distances of the four planets from the Sun are , and 1430 million km. What fraction of the Sun's force on the Earth is this? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: m_{V}=0.815 m_E m_{J}=318 m_E m_{Sat}=95.1 m_E

(II) Four 7.5-kg spheres are located at the corners of a square of side 0.80 m. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the gravitational force exerted on one sphere by the other three.

Problem 44P (II) A certain neutron star has five times the mass of our Sun packed into a sphere about 10 km in radius. Estimate the surface gravity on this monster.

Problem 45P (I) A space shuttle releases a satellite into a circular orbit 780 km above the Earth. How fast must the shuttle be moving (relative to Earth’s center) when the release occurs?

Problem 47P (II) You know your mass is 62 kg, but when you stand on a bathroom scale in an elevator, it says your mass is 77 kg. What is the acceleration of the elevator, and in which direction?

Problem 46P (I) Calculate the speed of a satellite moving in a stable circular orbit about the Earth at a height of 4800 km.

Problem 48P (II) A 12.0-kg monkey hangs from a cord suspended from the ceiling of an elevator. The cord can withstand a tension of 185 N and breaks as the elevator accelerates. What was the elevator’s minimum acceleration (magnitude and direction)?

Problem 49P (II) Calculate the period of a satellite orbiting the Moon, 95 km above the Moon’s surface. Ignore effects of the Earth. The radius of the Moon is 1740 km.

Problem 50P (II) Two satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 7500 km and 15,000 km above the Earth’s surface. Which satellite is faster, and by what factor?

Problem 51P (II) What will a spring scale read for the weight of a 58.0-kg woman in an elevator that moves (a) upward with constant speed (b) downward with constant speed 5.0 m/s, (c) with an upward acceleration 0.23 g,

Problem 52P (II) Determine the time it takes for a satellite to orbit the Earth in a circular near-Earth orbit. A “near-Earth” orbit is at a height above the surface of the Earth that is very small compared to the radius of the Earth. [Hint: You may take the acceleration due to gravity as essentially the same as that on the surface.] Does your result depend on the mass of the satellite?

Problem 53P (II) What is the apparent weight of a 75-kg astronaut 2500 km from the center of the Moon in a space vehicle (a) moving at constant velocity and (b) accelerating toward the Moon 1.8 m/s2? at State “direction” in each case.

(II) A Ferris wheel 22.0 m in diameter rotates once every 12.5 s (see Fig. 5–9).What is the ratio of a person’s apparent weight to her real weight at (a) the top, and (b) the bottom?

(II) At what rate must a cylindrical spaceship rotate if occupants are to experience simulated gravity of 0.70 g? Assume the spaceship’s diameter is 32 m, and give your answer as the time needed for one revolution. (See Question 9, Fig 5–33.)

(III) () Show that if a satellite orbits very near the surface of a planet with period T, the density (= mass per unit volume) of the planet is \(\rho=m / V=3 \pi / G T^{2}\). (b) Estimate the density of the Earth, given that a satellite near the surface orbits with a period of 85 min. Approximate the Earth as a uniform sphere. ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: rho=m/V=3 pi/GT^{2}

Problem 57P (I) Neptune is an average distance of 4.5 X 109 km from the Sun. Estimate the length of the Neptunian year using the fact that the Earth is 1.50 X 108 from the Sun on average.

Problem 58P (I) The asteroid Icarus, though only a few hundred meters across, orbits the Sun like the planets. Its period is 410 d. What is its mean distance from the Sun?

Problem 59P (I) Use Kepler’s laws and the period of the Moon (27.4 d) to determine the period of an artificial satellite orbiting very near the Earth’s surface.

Problem 60P (II) Determine the mass of the Earth from the known period and distance of the Moon.

Problem 61P (II) Our Sun revolves about the center of our Galaxy (mG ? 4 X 1041 kg) at a distance of about 3X 104 light-years [1 Iy =(3.00 X 108 m/s) . (3.16 X 107 s/yr) . (1.00 yr)]. What is the period of the Sun’s orbital motion about the center of the Galaxy?

(II) Table 5–3 gives the mean distance, period, and mass for the four largest moons of Jupiter (those discovered by Galileo in 1609). Determine the mass of Jupiter: () using the data for Io; (b) using data for each of the other three moons. Are the results consistent? TABLE 5-3 Principal Moons of Jupiter (Problems 62 and 63) Moon Mass (kg) Period (Earth Days) Mean distance from Jupiter (km) Io \(8.9 \times 10^{22}\) 1.77 \(422 \times 10^{3}\) Europa \(4.9 \times 10^{22}\) 3.55 \(671 \times 10^{3}\) Ganymede \(15 \times 10^{22}\) 7.16 \(1070 \times 10^{3}\) Callisto \(11 \times 10^{22}\) 16.7 \(1883 \times 10^{3}\) ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 8.9x10^22 4.9x10^22 15x10^22 11x10^22 422x10^3 671x10^3 1070x10^3 1883x10^3

(II) Determine the mean distance from Jupiter for each of Jupiter’s principal moons, using Kepler’s third law. Use the distance of Io and the periods given in Table 5–3. Compare your results to the values in Table 5–3.

Problem 64P (II) Planet A and planet B are in circular orbits around a distant star. Planet A is 7.0 times farther from the star than is planet B. What is the ratio of their speeds vA/vB?

(II) Halley’s comet orbits the Sun roughly once every 76 years. It comes very close to the surface of the Sun on its closest approach (Fig. 5–45). Estimate the greatest distance of the comet from the Sun. Is it still “in” the solar system? What planet’s orbit is nearest when it is out there?

Calculate the centripetal acceleration of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, and the net force exerted on the Earth. What exerts this force on the Earth? Assume that the Earth’s orbit is a circle of radius \(1.50 \times 10^{11}\ m\).

Problem 66P (III) The comet Hale–Bopp has an orbital period of 2400 years. (a) What is its mean distance from the Sun? (b) At its closest approach, the comet is about 1.0 AU from the Sun (1 AU =distance from Earth to the Sun). What is the farthest distance? (c) What is the ratio of the speed at the closest point to the speed at the farthest point?

A flat puck (mass M) is revolved in a circle on a frictionless air hockey table top, and is held in this orbit by a massless cord which is connected to a dangling mass (mass m) through a central hole as shown in Fig. 5–46. Show that the speed of the puck is given by \(v=\sqrt{m g R / M}\). Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: v=sqrt{mgR/M}

Problem 69GP A device for training astronauts and jet fighter pilots is designed to move the trainee in a horizontal circle of radius 11.0 m. If the force felt by the trainee is 7.45 times her own weight, how fast is she revolving? Express your answer in both m/s and rev/s.

Problem 70GP A 1050-kg car rounds a curve of radius 72 m banked at an angle of 14°. If the car is traveling at 86 km/h, will a friction force be required? If so, how much and in what direction?

In a “Rotor-ride” at a carnival, people rotate in a vertical cylindrically walled “room.” (See Fig. 5–47.) If the room radius is 5.5 m, and the rotation frequency 0.50 revolutions per second when the floor drops out, what minimum coefficient of static friction keeps the people from slipping down? People on this ride said they were “pressed against the wall.” Is there really an outward force pressing them against the wall? If so, what is its source? If not, what is the proper description of their situation (besides nausea)? [Hint: Draw a free-body diagram for a person.]

While fishing, you get bored and start to swing a sinker weight around in a circle below you on a 0.25-m piece of fishing line. The weight makes a complete circle every 0.75 s. What is the angle that the fishing line makes with the vertical? [Hint: See Fig. 5-10.]

At what minimum speed must a roller coaster be traveling so that passengers upside down at the top of the circle (Fig. 5–48) do not fall out? Assume a radius of curvature of 8.6 m.

Problem 74GP Consider a train that rounds a curve with a radius of 570 m at a speed of 160 km/h (approximately 100 mi/h ). (a) Calculate the friction force needed on a train passenger of mass 55 kg if the track is not banked and the train does not tilt. (b) Calculate the friction force on the passenger if the train tilts at an angle of 8.0° toward the center of the curve.

Problem 75GP Two equal-mass stars maintain a constant distance apart of 8.0 × 1011 m and revolve about a point midway between them at a rate of one revolution every 12.6 yr. (a) Why don’t the two stars crash into one another due to the gravitational force between them? (b) What must be the mass of each star?

How far above the Earth’s surface will the acceleration of gravity be half what it is at the surface?

Problem 77GP Is it possible to whirl a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle so that the water won’t fall out? If so, what is the minimum speed? Define all quantities needed.

Problem 78GP How long would a day be if the Earth were rotating so fast that objects at the equator were apparently weightless?

Problem 79GP The rings of Saturn are composed of chunks of ice that orbit the planet. The inner radius of the rings is 73,000 km, and the outer radius is 170,000 km. Find the period of an orbiting chunk of ice at the inner radius and the period of a chunk at the outer radius. Compare your numbers with Saturn’s own rotation period of 10 hours and 39 minutes. The mass of Saturn is 5.7 × 1026 kg.

Problem 80GP During an Apollo lunar landing mission, the command module continued to orbit the Moon at an altitude of about 100 km. How long did it take to go around the Moon once?

Problem 81GP The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) utilizes a group of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth. Using “triangulation” and signals transmitted by these satellites, the position of a receiver on the Earth can be determined to within an accuracy of a few centimeters. The satellite orbits are distributed around the Earth, allowing continuous navigational “fixes.” The satellites orbit at an altitude of approximately 11,000 nautical miles [1 nautical mile = 1.852 km = 6076ft]. (a) Determine the speed of each satellite. (b) Determine the period of each satellite.

Problem 82GP The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft, after traveling 2.1 billion km, is meant to orbit the asteroid Eros with an orbital radius of about 20 km. Eros is roughly 40 km × 6 km × 6 km. Assume Eros has a density of about 2.3 × 103 kg/m3. (a) If Eros were a sphere with the same mass and density, what would its radius be? (b) What would g be at the surface of a spherical Eros? (c) Estimate the orbital period of NEAR as it orbits Eros, as if Eros were a sphere.

Problem 83GP A train traveling at a constant speed rounds a curve of radius 215 m. A lamp suspended from the ceiling swings out to an angle of 16.5° throughout the curve. What is the speed of the train?

The Sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy (Fig. 5–49) at a distance of about 30,000 light-years from the center (\(1\ \mathrm{ly}=9.5\times10^{15}\mathrm{\ m}\)). If it takes about 200 million years to make one revolution, estimate the mass of our Galaxy. Assume that the mass distribution of our Galaxy is concentrated mostly in a central uniform sphere. If all the stars had about the mass of our Sun (\(2\times10^{30}\mathrm{\ kg}\)), how many stars would there be in our Galaxy? ________________ Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 1 ly =9.5x10^{15} m 2x10^{30} kg

Problem 85GP A satellite of mass 5500 kg orbits the Earth and has a period of 6600 s. Determine (a) the radius of its circular orbit, (b) the magnitude of the Earth’s gravitational force on the satellite, and (c) the altitude of the satellite.

Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope deduced the presence of an extremely massive core in the distant galaxy M87, so dense that it could be a black hole (from which no light escapes). They did this by measuring the speed of gas clouds orbiting the core to be 780 km/s at a distance of 60 light-years \((=5.7 \times 10^{17} \ \mathrm m)\) from the core. Deduce the mass of the core, and compare it to the mass of our Sun.

Problem 87GP Suppose all the mass of the Earth were compacted into a small spherical ball. What radius must the sphere have so that the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth’s new surface would equal the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the Sun?

A science-fiction tale describes an artificial “planet” in the form of a band completely encircling a sun (Fig. 5–50). The inhabitants live on the inside surface (where it is always noon). Imagine that this sun is exactly like our own, that the distance to the band is the same as the Earth–Sun distance (to make the climate livable), and that the ring rotates quickly enough to produce an apparent gravity of g as on Earth. What will be the period of revolution, this planet’s year, in Earth days?

Problem 89GP An asteroid of mass m is in a circular orbit of radius r around the Sun with a speed v. It has an impact with another asteroid of mass M and is kicked into a new circular orbit with a speed of1.5 v. What is the radius of the new orbit in terms of r?

Use dimensional analysis (Section 1–8) to obtain the form for the centripetal acceleration, \(a_{R}=v^{2} / r\). Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: a_{R}=v^{2} / r

Problem 1SL Reread each Example in this Chapter and identify (i) the object undergoing centripetal acceleration (if any), and (ii) the force, or force component, that causes the circular motion.

A child sitting 1.20 m from the center of a merry-goround moves with a speed of Calculate (a) the centripetal acceleration of the child and (b) the net horizontal force exerted on the child

A jet plane traveling pulls out of a dive by moving in an arc of radius 5.20 km. What is the planes acceleration in gs?

A horizontal force of 310 N is exerted on a 2.0-kg ball as it rotates (at arms length) uniformly in a horizontal circle of radius 0.90 m. Calculate the speed of the ball

What is the magnitude of the acceleration of a speck of clay on the edge of a potters wheel turning at 45 rpm (revolutions per minute) if the wheels diameter is 35 cm?

A 0.55-kg ball, attached to the end of a horizontal cord, is revolved in a circle of radius 1.3 m on a frictionless horizontal surface. If the cord will break when the tension in it exceeds 75 N, what is the maximum speed the ball can have?

(II) How fast (in rpm) must a centrifuge rotate if a particle 7.00 cm from the axis of rotation is to experience an acceleration of 125,000 g’s?

A car drives straight down toward the bottom of a valley and up the other side on a road whose bottom has a radius of curvature of 115 m.At the very bottom, the normal force on the driver is twice his weight. At what speed was the car traveling?

How large must the coefficient of static friction be between the tires and the road if a car is to round a level curve of radius 125 m at a speed of 95 km/h

What is the maximum speed with which a 1200-kg car can round a turn of radius 90.0 m on a flat road if the coefficient of friction between tires and road is 0.65? Is this result independent of the mass of the car?

A bucket of mass 2.00 kg is whirled in a vertical circle of radius 1.20 m. At the lowest point of its motion the tension in the rope supporting the bucket is 25.0 N. (a) Find the speed of the bucket. (b) How fast must the bucket move at the top of the circle so that the rope does not go slack?

How many revolutions per minute would a 25-mdiameter Ferris wheel need to make for the passengers to feel weightless at the topmost point?

A jet pilot takes his aircraft in a vertical loop (Fig. 538). (a) If the jet is moving at a speed of at the lowest point of the loop, determine the minimum radius of the circle so that the centripetal acceleration at the lowest point does not exceed 6.0 gs. (b) Calculate the 78-kg pilots effective weight (the force with which the seat pushes up on him) at the bottom of the circle, and (c) at the top of the circle (assume the same speed)

A proposed space station consists of a circular tube that will rotate about its center (like a tubular bicycle tire), Fig. 539. The circle formed by the tube has a diameter of 1.1 km. What must be the rotation speed (revolutions per day) if an effect nearly equal to gravity at the surface of the Earth (say, 0.90 g) is to be felt?

On an ice rink two skaters of equal mass grab hands and spin in a mutual circle once every 2.5 s. If we assume their arms are each 0.80 m long and their individual masses are 55.0 kg, how hard are they pulling on one another?

A coin is placed 13.0 cm from the axis of a rotating turntable of variable speed. When the speed of the turntable is slowly increased, the coin remains fixed on the turntable until a rate of 38.0 rpm (revolutions per minute) is reached, at which point the coin slides off. What is the coefficient of static friction between the coin and the turntable?

The design of a new road includes a straight stretch that is horizontal and flat but that suddenly dips down a steep hill at 18. The transition should be rounded with what minimum radius so that cars traveling will not leave the road (Fig. 540)?

Two blocks, with masses and are connected to each other and to a central post by thin rods as shown in Fig. 541. The blocks revolve about the post at the same frequency f (revolutions per second) on a frictionless horizontal surface at distances and from the post. Derive an algebraic expression for the tension in each rod.

Tarzan plans to cross a gorge by swinging in an arc from a hanging vine (Fig. 542). If his arms are capable of exerting a force of 1150 N on the vine, what is the maximum speed he can tolerate at the lowest point of his swing? His mass is 78 kg and the vine is 4.7 m long.

A 975-kg sports car (including driver) crosses the rounded top of a hill at Determine (a) the normal force exerted by the road on the car, (b) the normal force exerted by the car on the 62.0-kg driver, and (c) the car speed at which the normal force on the driver equals zero

ighway curves are marked with a suggested speed. If this speed is based on what would be safe in wet weather, estimate the radius of curvature for an unbanked curve marked Use Table 42 (coefficients of friction).

A pilot performs an evasive maneuver by diving vertically at If he can withstand an acceleration of 8.0 gs without blacking out, at what altitude must he begin to pull his plane out of the dive to avoid crashing into the sea?

If a curve with a radius of 95 m is properly banked for a car traveling what must be the coefficient of static friction for a car not to skid when traveling at

A curve of radius 78 m is banked for a design speed of If the coefficient of static friction is 0.30 (wet pavement), at what range of speeds can a car safely make the curve? [Hint: Consider the direction of the friction force when the car goes too slow or too fast.]

Determine the tangential and centripetal components of the net force exerted on the car (by the ground) in Example 58 when its speed is The cars mass is 950 kg

A car at the Indianapolis 500 accelerates uniformly from the pit area, going from rest to in a semicircular arc with a radius of 220 m. Determine the tangential and radial acceleration of the car when it is halfway through the arc, assuming constant tangential acceleration. If the curve were flat, what coefficient of static friction would be necessary between the tires and the road to provide this acceleration with no slipping or skidding?

For each of the cases described below, sketch and label the total acceleration vector, the radial acceleration vector, and the tangential acceleration vector. (a) A car is accelerating from to as it rounds a curve of constant radius. (b) A car is going a constant as it rounds a curve of constant radius. (c) A car slows down while rounding a curve of constant radius

A particle revolves in a horizontal circle of radius 1.95 m. At a particular instant, its acceleration is in a direction that makes an angle of 25.0 to its direction of motion. Determine its speed (a) at this moment, and (b) 2.00 s later, assuming constant tangential acceleration.

Calculate the force of Earths gravity on a spacecraft 2.00 Earth radii above the Earths surface if its mass is 1850 kg.

At the surface of a certain planet, the gravitational acceleration g has a magnitude of A 24.0-kg brass ball is transported to this planet. What is (a) the mass of the brass ball on the Earth and on the planet, and (b) the weight of the brass ball on the Earth and on the planet

At what distance from the Earth will a spacecraft traveling directly from the Earth to the Moon experience zero net force because the Earth and Moon pull in opposite directions with equal force?

Two objects attract each other gravitationally with a force of when they are 0.25 m apart. Their total mass is 4.00 kg. Find their individual masses.

A hypothetical planet has a radius 2.0 times that of Earth, but has the same mass. What is the acceleration due to gravity near its surface?

Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon, which has radius and mass

Estimate the acceleration due to gravity at the surface of Europa (one of the moons of Jupiter) given that its mass is and making the assumption that its mass per unit volume is the same as Earths.

Given that the acceleration of gravity at the surface of Mars is 0.38 of what it is on Earth, and that Mars radius is 3400 km, determine the mass of Mars

Find the net force on the Moon due to the gravitational attraction of both the Earth and the Sun assuming they are at right angles to each other, Fig. 543.

A hypothetical planet has a mass 2.80 times that of Earth, but has the same radius. What is g near its surface?

If you doubled the mass and tripled the radius of a planet, by what factor would g at its surface change?

Calculate the effective value of g, the acceleration of gravity, at (a) 6400 m, and (b) 6400 km, above the Earths surface.

You are explaining to friends why an astronaut feels weightless orbiting in the space shuttle, and they respond that they thought gravity was just a lot weaker up there. Convince them that it isnt so by calculating how much weaker (in %) gravity is 380 km above the Earths surface.

Every few hundred years most of the planets line up on the same side of the Sun. Calculate the total force on the Earth due to Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn, assuming all four planets are in a line, Fig. 544. The masses are and the mean distances of the four planets from the Sun are 108, 150, 778, and 1430 million km. What fraction of the Suns force on the Earth is this?

Four 7.5-kg spheres are located at the corners of a square of side 0.80 m. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the gravitational force exerted on one sphere by the other three

Determine the distance from the Earths center to a point outside the Earth where the gravitational acceleration due to the Earth is of its value at the Earths surface.

(II) A certain neutron star has five times the mass of our Sun packed into a sphere about 10 km in radius. Estimate the surface gravity on this monster.

A space shuttle releases a satellite into a circular orbit 780 km above the Earth. How fast must the shuttle be moving (relative to Earths center) when the release occurs?

(I) Calculate the speed of a satellite moving in a stable circular orbit about the Earth at a height of 4800 km.

You know your mass is 62 kg, but when you stand on a bathroom scale in an elevator, it says your mass is 77 kg. What is the acceleration of the elevator, and in which direction

A 12.0-kg monkey hangs from a cord suspended from the ceiling of an elevator. The cord can withstand a tension of 185 N and breaks as the elevator accelerates. What was the elevators minimum acceleration (magnitude and direction)

Calculate the period of a satellite orbiting the Moon, 95 km above the Moons surface. Ignore effects of the Earth. The radius of the Moon is 1740 km

Two satellites orbit Earth at altitudes of 7500 km and 15,000 km above the Earths surface. Which satellite is faster, and by what factor?

What will a spring scale read for the weight of a 58.0-kg woman in an elevator that moves (a) upward with constant speed (b) downward with constant speed (c) with an upward acceleration 0.23 g, (d) with a downward acceleration 0.23 g, and (e) in free fall?

Determine the time it takes for a satellite to orbit the Earth in a circular near-Earth orbit. A near-Earth orbit is at a height above the surface of the Earth that is very small compared to the radius of the Earth. [Hint: You may take the acceleration due to gravity as essentially the same as that on the surface.] Does your result depend on the mass of the satellite?

What is the apparent weight of a 75-kg astronaut 2500 km from the center of the Moon in a space vehicle (a) moving at constant velocity and (b) accelerating toward the Moon at State direction in each case.

A Ferris wheel 22.0 m in diameter rotates once every 12.5 s (see Fig. 59). What is the ratio of a persons apparent weight to her real weight at (a) the top, and (b) the bottom?

At what rate must a cylindrical spaceship rotate if occupants are to experience simulated gravity of 0.70 g? Assume the spaceships diameter is 32 m, and give your answer as the time needed for one revolution. (See Question 9, Fig 533.)

Show that if a satellite orbits very near the surface of a planet with period T, the density ( mass per unit volume) of the planet is (b) Estimate the density of the Earth, given that a satellite near the surface orbits with a period of 85 min. Approximate the Earth as a uniform sphere

(I) Neptune is an average distance of \(4.5 \times 10^9 \ \mathrm {km}\) from the Sun. Estimate the length of the Neptunian year using the fact that the Earth is \(1.50 \times 10^8 \ \mathrm {km}\) from the Sun on average.

The asteroid Icarus, though only a few hundred meters across, orbits the Sun like the planets. Its period is 410 d. What is its mean distance from the Sun?

Use Keplers laws and the period of the Moon (27.4 d) to determine the period of an artificial satellite orbiting very near the Earths surface.

Determine the mass of the Earth from the known period and distance of the Moon

Our Sun revolves about the center of our Galaxy at a distance of about lightyears What is the period of the Suns orbital motion about the center of the Galaxy?

Table 53 gives the mean distance, period, and mass for the four largest moons of Jupiter (those discovered by Galileo in 1609). Determine the mass of Jupiter: (a) using the data for Io; (b) using data for each of the other three moons. Are the results consistent?

Determine the mean distance from Jupiter for each of Jupiters principal moons, using Keplers third law. Use the distance of Io and the periods given in Table 53. Compare your results to the values in Table 53.

Planet A and planet B are in circular orbits around a distant star. Planet A is 7.0 times farther from the star than is planet B. What is the ratio of their speeds

Halleys comet orbits the Sun roughly once every 76 years. It comes very close to the surface of the Sun on its closest approach (Fig. 545). Estimate the greatest distance of the comet from the Sun. Is it still in the solar system? What planets orbit is nearest when it is out there?

The comet HaleBopp has an orbital period of 2400 years. (a) What is its mean distance from the Sun? (b) At its closest approach, the comet is about 1.0 AU from the Sun ( from Earth to the Sun). What is the farthest distance? (c) What is the ratio of the speed at the closest point to the speed at the farthest point?

Calculate the centripetal acceleration of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun, and the net force exerted on the Earth. What exerts this force on the Earth? Assume that the Earths orbit is a circle of radius

A flat puck (mass M) is revolved in a circle on a frictionless air hockey table top, and is held in this orbit by a massless cord which is connected to a dangling mass (mass m) through a central hole as shown in Fig. 5–46. Show that the speed of the puck is given by \(v = \sqrt {mgR/M}\).

A device for training astronauts and jet fighter pilots is designed to move the trainee in a horizontal circle of radius 11.0 m. If the force felt by the trainee is 7.45 times her own weight, how fast is she revolving? Express your answer in both and

A 1050-kg car rounds a curve of radius 72 m banked at an angle of 14. If the car is traveling at will a friction force be required? If so, how much and in what direction?

In a Rotor-ride at a carnival, people rotate in a vertical cylindrically walled room. (See Fig. 547.) If the room radius is 5.5 m, and the rotation frequency 0.50 revolutions per second when the floor drops out, what minimum coefficient of static friction keeps the people from slipping down? People on this ride said they were pressed against the wall. Is there really an outward force pressing them against the wall? If so, what is its source? If not, what is the proper description of their situation (besides nausea)? [Hint: Draw a free-body diagram for a person.

While fishing, you get bored and start to swing a sinker weight around in a circle below you on a 0.25-m piece of fishing line. The weight makes a complete circle every 0.75 s. What is the angle that the fishing line makes with the vertical? [Hint: See Fig. 510.]

At what minimum speed must a roller coaster be traveling so that passengers upside down at the top of the circle (Fig. 548) do not fall out? Assume a radius of curvature of 8.6 m.

Consider a train that rounds a curve with a radius of 570 m at a speed of (approximately ). (a) Calculate the friction force needed on a train passenger of mass 55 kg if the track is not banked and the train does not tilt. (b) Calculate the friction force on the passenger if the train tilts at an angle of 8.0 toward the center of the curve

wo equal-mass stars maintain a constant distance apart of and revolve about a point midway between them at a rate of one revolution every 12.6 yr. (a) Why dont the two stars crash into one another due to the gravitational force between them? (b) What must be the mass of each star?

How far above the Earths surface will the acceleration of gravity be half what it is at the surface?

Is it possible to whirl a bucket of water fast enough in a vertical circle so that the water wont fall out? If so, what is the minimum speed? Define all quantities needed.

How long would a day be if the Earth were rotating so fast that objects at the equator were apparently weightless?

The rings of Saturn are composed of chunks of ice that orbit the planet. The inner radius of the rings is 73,000 km, and the outer radius is 170,000 km. Find the period of an orbiting chunk of ice at the inner radius and the period of a chunk at the outer radius. Compare your numbers with Saturns own rotation period of 10 hours and 39 minutes. The mass of Saturn is 5.7 x 10 26 kg.

During an Apollo lunar landing mission, the command module continued to orbit the Moon at an altitude of about 100 km. How long did it take to go around the Moon once?

The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) utilizes a group of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth. Using triangulation and signals transmitted by these satellites, the position of a receiver on the Earth can be determined to within an accuracy of a few centimeters. The satellite orbits are distributed around the Earth, allowing continuous navigational fixes. The satellites orbit at an altitude of approximately 11,000 nautical miles [1 nautical mile (a) Determine the speed of each satellite. (b) Determine the period of each satellit

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft, after traveling 2.1 billion km, is meant to orbit the asteroid Eros with an orbital radius of about 20 km. Eros is roughly Assume Eros has a density of about (a) If Eros were a sphere with the same mass and density, what would its radius be? (b) What would g be at the surface of a spherical Eros? (c) Estimate the orbital period of NEAR as it orbits Eros, as if Eros were a sphere.

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft, after traveling 2.1 billion km, is meant to orbit the asteroid Eros with an orbital radius of about 20 km. Eros is roughly Assume Eros has a density of about (a) If Eros were a sphere with the same mass and density, what would its radius be? (b) What would g be at the surface of a spherical Eros? (c) Estimate the orbital period of NEAR as it orbits Eros, as if Eros were a sphere.

The Sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy (Fig. 549) at a distance of about 30,000 light-years from the center If it takes about 200 million years to make one revolution, estimate the mass of our Galaxy. Assume that the mass distribution of our Galaxy is concentrated mostly in a central uniform sphere. If all the stars had about the mass of our Sun how many stars would there be in our Galaxy? A2 *

A satellite of mass 5500 kg orbits the Earth and has a period of 6600 s. Determine (a) the radius of its circular orbit, (b) the magnitude of the Earths gravitational force on the satellite, and (c) the altitude of the satellite

Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope deduced the presence of an extremely massive core in the distant galaxy M87, so dense that it could be a black hole (from which no light escapes). They did this by measuring the speed of gas clouds orbiting the core to be at a distance of 60 light-years from the core. Deduce the mass of the core, and compare it to the mass of our Sun

Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope deduced the presence of an extremely massive core in the distant galaxy M87, so dense that it could be a black hole (from which no light escapes). They did this by measuring the speed of gas clouds orbiting the core to be at a distance of 60 light-years from the core. Deduce the mass of the core, and compare it to the mass of our Sun

A science-fiction tale describes an artificial planet in the form of a band completely encircling a sun (Fig. 550). The inhabitants live on the inside surface (where it is always noon). Imagine that this sun is exactly like our own, that the distance to the band is the same as the EarthSun distance (to make the climate livable), and that the ring rotates quickly enough to produce an apparent gravity of g as on Earth. What will be the period of revolution, this planets year, in Earth days?

A science-fiction tale describes an artificial planet in the form of a band completely encircling a sun (Fig. 550). The inhabitants live on the inside surface (where it is always noon). Imagine that this sun is exactly like our own, that the distance to the band is the same as the EarthSun distance (to make the climate livable), and that the ring rotates quickly enough to produce an apparent gravity of g as on Earth. What will be the period of revolution, this planets year, in Earth days?