Solved: What aspect of physics was not known by the writer

Problem 1E A rocket becomes progressively easier to accelerate as it travels through space. Why is this so? (?Hint:? About 90% of the mass of a newly launched rocket is fuel.)

Problem 1P A boxer punches a sheet of paper in midair and brings it from rest up to a speed of 25 m/s in 0.05 s. (a) What acceleration is imparted to the paper? (b) If the mass of the paper is 0.003 kg, what force does the boxer exert on it? (c) How much force does the paper exert on the boxer?

Problem 1RQ When you push against a wall with your fingers, they bend because they experience a force. Identify this force.

Problem 2E The photo shows Steve Hewitt and daughter Gretchen. Is Gretchen touching her dad, or is dad touching her? Explain.

Problem 1R As seen from above, a stubborn stump is pulled by a pair of ropes, each with a force of 200 N, but at different angles as shown. From greatest to least, rank the net force on the stump.

Problem 1PC Calculate the resultant of the pair of velocities 100 km/h north and 75 km/h south. Calculate the resultant if both of the velocities are directed north. ?

Problem 2P If you stand next to a wall on a frictionless skateboard and push the wall with a force of 40 N, how hard does the wall push on you? If your mass is 80 kg, show that your acceleration is 0.5 m/s2.

Problem 2PC Calculate the magnitude of the resultant of a pair of 100-km/h velocity vectors that are at right angles to each other.

Problem 2RQ A boxer can hit a heavy bag with great force. Why can’t he hit a piece of tissue paper in midair with the same amount of force?

Problem 2R Nellie Newton hangs motionless by one hand from a clothesline. Which side of the line, a or b, has the greater a. horizontal component of tension? b. vertical component of tension? c. tension?

Problem 3E When you rub your hands together, can you push harder on one hand than the other?

Problem 3P If raindrops fall vertically at a speed of 3 m/s and you are running at 4 m/s, how fast do they hit your face?

Problem 3PC Calculate the resultant of a horizontal vector with a magnitude of 4 units and a vertical vector with a magnitude of 3 units.

Here we see a top view of an airplane being blown off course by winds in three different directions. Use a pencil and the parallelogram rule to sketch the vectors that show the resulting velocities for each case. Rank the speeds of the airplane across the ground from fastest to slowest.

Problem 3RQ How many forces are required for an interaction?

Problem 4E For each of the following interactions, identify action and reaction forces. (a) A hammer hits a nail. (b) Earth gravity pulls down on a book. (c) A helicopter blade pushes air downward.

Problem 4P Forces of 3.0 N and 4.0 N act at right angles on a block of mass 2.0 kg. Show that the acceleration of the block is 2.5 m/s2.

Problem 4PC Calculate the resultant velocity of an airplane that normally flies at 200 km/h if it encounters a 50-km/h wind from the side (at a right angle to the airplane).

Problem 4R Here we see top views of three motorboats crossing a river. All have the same speed relative to the water, and all experience the same river flow. Construct resultant vectors showing the speed and direction of the boats. Rank them from most to least for a. the time for the boats to reach the opposite shore. b. the fastest ride.

Problem 4RQ State Newton’s third law of motion.

Problem 5E You hold an apple over your head. (a) Identify all the forces acting on the apple and their reaction forces. (b) When you drop the apple, identify all the forces acting on it as it falls and the corresponding reaction forces. Neglect air drag.

Problem 5P Consider an airplane that normally has an airspeed of 100 km/h in a 100-km/h crosswind blowing from west to east. Calculate its ground velocity when its nose is pointed north in the crosswind.

Consider hitting a baseball with a bat. If we call the force on the bat against the ball the action force, identify the reaction force.

Problem 50E The strong man can withstand the tension force exerted by the two horses pulling in opposite directions. How would the tension compare if only one horse pulled and the left rope were tied to a tree? How would the tension compare if the two horses pulled in the same direction, with the left rope tied to the tree?

Problem 6P You are paddling a canoe at a speed of 4 km/h directly across a river that flows at 3 km/h, as shown in the figure. (a) What is your resultant speed relative to the shore? (b) In approximately what direction should you paddle the canoe so that it reaches a destination directly across the river?

Problem 6RQ Consider the apple and the orange (Figure 5.9). If the system is considered to be only the orange, is there a net force on the system when the apple pulls?

Problem 7E Consider a baseball player batting a ball. (a) Identify the action–reaction pairs when the ball is being hit and (b) while the ball is in flight.

Problem 6E Identify the action–reaction pairs of forces for the following situations: (a) You step off a curb. (b) You pat your tutor on the back. (c) A wave hits a rocky shore.

Problem 7P When two identical air pucks with repelling magnets are held together on an air table and released, they end up moving in opposite directions at the same speed, ?v?. Assume the mass of one of the pucks is doubled and the procedure is repeated. a. From Newton’s third law, derive an equation that shows how the final speed of the double-mass puck compares with the speed of the single puck. b. Calculate the speed of the double-mass puck if the single puck moves away at 0.4 m/s.

Problem 7RQ If the system is considered to be the apple and the orange together (Figure 5.10), is there a net force on the system when the apple pulls (ignoring friction with the floor)?

Problem 8E What physics is involved for a passenger feeling pushed backward into the seat of an airplane when it accelerates along the runway during takeoff?

Consider the system of a single football. If you kick it, is there a net force to accelerate the system? If a friend kicks it at the same time with an equal and opposite force, is there a net force to accelerate the system?

Problem 8RQ To produce a net force on a system, must there be an externally applied net force?

Problem 9E If you drop a rubber ball on the floor, it bounces back up. What force acts on the ball to provide the bounce?

Problem 10E When you kick a football, what action and reaction forces are involved? Which force, if any, is greater?

Problem 11E Is it true that when you drop from a branch to the ground below, you pull upward on Earth? If so, then why is the acceleration of Earth not noticed?

Problem 10RQ Earth pulls down on you with a gravitational force that you call your weight. Do you pull up on Earth with the same amount of force?

Problem 11RQ If the forces that act on a cannonball and the recoiling cannon from which it is fired are equal in magnitude, why do the cannonball and cannon have very different accelerations?

Problem 12E Within a book on a table, there are billions of forces pushing and pulling on all the molecules. Why is it that these forces never by chance add up to a net force in one direction, causing the book to accelerate “spontaneously” across the table?

Problem 12RQ Identify the force that propels a rocket.

Problem 13E Two 100-N weights are attached to a spring scale as shown. Does the scale read 0, 100, or 200 N, or does it give some other reading? (?Hint: Would it read any differently if one of the ropes were tied to the wall instead of to the hanging 100-N weight?)

Problem 13RQ How does a helicopter get its lifting force?

Problem 14E If you exert a horizontal force of 200 N to slide a crate across a factory floor at constant velocity, how much friction is exerted by the floor on the crate? Is the force of friction equal and oppositely directed to your 200-N push? If the force of friction isn’t the reaction force to your push, what is?

Problem 14RQ Can you physically touch a person without that person touching you with the same amount of force?

Problem 15E When the athlete holds the barbell overhead, the reaction force is the weight of the barbell on his hand. How does this force vary for the case in which the barbell is accelerated upward? Downward? Step-by-step solution

Problem 15RQ Fill in the blanks: Newton’s first law is often called the law of _____; Newton’s second law is the law of _____; and Newton’s third law is the law of _____ and _____.

Problem 16E Consider the two forces acting on the person who stands still—namely, the downward pull of gravity and the upward support of the floor. Are these forces equal and opposite? Do they form an action–reaction pair? Why or why not?

Problem 16RQ Which of the three laws deals with interactions?

Problem 17E Why can you exert greater force on the pedals of a bicycle if you pull up on the handlebars?

Cite three examples of a vector quantity and three examples of a scalar quantity.

Problem 18E Does a baseball bat slow down when it hits a ball? Defend your answer.

Problem 18RQ Why is speed considered a scalar and velocity a vector?

Problem 19E Why does a rope climber pull downward on the rope to move upward?

Problem 19RQ According to the parallelogram rule, what quantity is represented by the diagonal of a constructed parallelogram?

Problem 20E A farmer urges his horse to pull a wagon. The horse refuses, saying that to try would be futile, for it would flout Newton’s third law. The horse concludes that she can’t exert a greater force on the wagon than the wagon exerts on her and, therefore, that she won’t be able to accelerate the wagon. What is your explanation to convince the horse to pull?

Problem 20 RQ Consider Nellie hanging at rest in Figure 5.25. If the ropes were vertical, with no angle involved, what would be the tension in each rope?

Problem 21E You push a heavy car by hand. The car, in turn, pushes back with an opposite but equal force on you. Doesn’t this mean that the forces cancel one another, making acceleration impossible? Why or why not?

Problem 21RQ When Nellie’s ropes make an angle, what quantity must be equal and opposite to her weight?

Problem 22E The strong man will push the two initially stationary freight cars of equal mass apart before he himself drops straight to the ground. Is it possible for him to give either of the cars a greater speed than the other? Why or why not?

Problem 22RQ When a pair of vectors are at right angles, is the resultant always greater in magnitude than either of the vectors separately?

Problem 23E Suppose that two carts, one twice as massive as the other, fly apart when the compressed spring that joins them is released. What is the acceleration of the heavier cart relative to that of the lighter cart as they start to move apart?

Problem 24E If a Mack truck and Honda Civic have a head-on collision, upon which vehicle is the impact force greater? Which vehicle experiences the greater deceleration? Explain your answers.

Problem 25E Ken and Joanne are astronauts floating some distance apart in space. They are joined by a safety cord whose ends are tied around their waists. If Ken starts pulling on the cord, will he pull Joanne toward him, or will he pull himself toward Joanne, or will both astronauts move? Explain.

Problem 26E Which team wins in a tug-of-war—the team that pulls harder on the rope, or the team that pushes harder against the ground? Explain.

Problem 27E In a tug-of-war between Sam and Maddy, each pulls on the rope with a force of 250 N. What is the tension in the rope? If both remain motionless, what horizontal force does each exert against the ground?

Problem 28E Your instructor challenges you and your friend to each pull on a pair of scales attached to the ends of a horizontal rope, in tug-of-war fashion, so that the readings on the scales will differ. Can this be done? Explain.

Problem 29E Two people of equal mass attempt a tug-of-war with a 12-m rope while standing on frictionless ice. When they pull on the rope, each of them slides toward the other. How do their accelerations compare, and how far does each person slide before they meet?

What aspect of physics was not known by the writer of this newspaper editorial that ridiculed early experiments by Robert H. Goddard on rocket propulsion above Earth’s atmosphere? “Professor Goddard . . . does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react . . . he seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools.”

Which of the following are scalar quantities, which are vector quantities, and which are neither? (a) velocity (b) age (c) speed (d) acceleration (e) temperature

Problem 32E What can you correctly say about two vectors that add together to equal zero?

Can a pair of vectors with unequal magnitudes ever add to zero? Can three unequal vectors add to zero? Defend your answers.

Problem 34E When can a nonzero vector have a zero horizontal component?

Problem 35E When, if ever, can a vector quantity be added to a scalar quantity?

Problem 36E Which is more likely to break—a hammock stretched tightly between a pair of trees or one that sags more when you sit on it?

Problem 37E A heavy bird sits on a clothesline. Will the tension in the clothesline be greater if the line sags a lot or if it sags a little?

Problem 38E The rope supports a lantern that weighs 50 N. Is the tension in the rope less than, equal to, or more than 50 N? Use the parallelogram rule to defend your answer.

Problem 39E The rope is repositioned as shown and still supports the 50-N lantern. Is the tension in the rope less than, equal to, or more than 50 N? Use the parallelogram rule to defend your answer.

Why does vertically falling rain make slanted streaks on the side windows of a moving automobile? If the streaks make an angle of \(45^\circ\), what does this tell you about the relative speeds of the car and the falling rain?

Problem 41E A balloon floats motionless in the air. A balloonist begins climbing the supporting cable. In which direction does the balloon move as the balloonist climbs? Defend your answer.

Problem 42E Consider a stone at rest on the ground. There are two interactions that involve the stone. One is between the stone and Earth as a whole: Earth pulls down on the stone (its weight) and the stone pulls up on Earth. What is the other interaction?

Problem 43E A stone is shown at rest on the ground. (a) The vector shows the weight of the stone. Complete the vector diagram showing another vector that results in zero net force on the stone. (b) What is the conventional name of the vector you have drawn?

Here a stone is suspended at rest by a string. (a) Draw force vectors for all the forces that act on the stone. (b) Should your vectors have a zero resultant? (c) Why or why not?

Problem 45E Here the same stone is being accelerated vertically upward. (a) Draw force vectors to some suitable scale showing relative forces acting on the stone. (b) Which is the longer vector, and why?

Problem 46E Suppose the string in the exercise 1 breaks and the stone slows in its upward motion. Draw a force vector diagram of the stone when it reaches the top of its path. Exercise 1 Here the same stone is being accelerated vertically upward. (a) Draw force vectors to some suitable scale showing relative forces acting on the stone. (b) Which is the longer vector, and why?

Problem 47E What is the acceleration of the stone of Exercise 1 at the top of its path? Exercise 1–2 1. Suppose the string in the exercise 2 breaks and the stone slows in its upward motion. Draw a force vector diagram of the stone when it reaches the top of its path. 2. Here the same stone is being accelerated vertically upward. (a) Draw force vectors to some suitable scale showing relative forces acting on the stone. (b) Which is the longer vector, and why?

Problem 48E Here the stone is sliding down a friction-free incline. (a) Identify the forces that act on it, and draw appropriate force vectors. (b) By the parallelogram rule, construct the resultant force on the stone (carefully showing that it has a direction parallel to the incline—the same direction as the stones acceleration).

Problem 49E Here the stone is at rest, interacting with both the surface of the incline and the block. (a) Identity all the forces that act on the stone, and draw appropriate force vectors. (b) Show that the net force on the stone is zero. (?Hint 1: There are two normal forces on the stone. ?Hint 2: Be sure the vectors you draw are for forces that act ?on? the stone, not ?by? the stone on the surfaces.)

When you push against a wall with your fingers, they bend because they experience a force. Identify this force.

A boxer can hit a heavy bag with great force. Why can’t he hit a piece of tissue paper in midair with the same amount of force?

How many forces are required for an interaction?

Consider hitting a baseball with a bat. If we call the force on the bat against the ball the action force, identify the reaction force.

State Newton’s third law of motion.

If the system of \(\text{Figure} \ 5.9\) is only the orange, is there a net force on the system when the apple pulls? Equation Transcription: Figure 5.9 Text Transcription: Figure 5.9

If the system is considered to be the apple and the orange together (Figure 5.10), is there a net force on the system when the apple pulls (ignoring friction with the floor)?

To produce a net force on a system, must there be an externally applied net force?

Consider the system of a single football. If you kick it, is there a net force to accelerate the system? If a friend kicks it at the same time with an equal and opposite force, is there a net force to accelerate the system?

Earth pulls down on you with a gravitational force that you call your weight. Do you pull up on Earth with the same amount of force?

If the forces that act on a cannonball and the recoiling cannon from which it is fired are equal in magnitude, why do the cannonball and cannon have very different accelerations?

Identify the force that propels a rocket.

How does a helicopter get its lifting force?

Can you physically touch a person without that person touching you with the same amount of force?

What is meant by the term vector resolution?

What happens to the magnitude of the normal vector on a block resting on an incline when the angle of the incline increases?

How great is the force of friction acting on a shoe at rest on an incline compared with the resultant of the vectors mg and N?

How does the magnitude of the vertical component of velocity for a ball tossed at an upward angle change as the ball travels upward? How about the horizontal com­ponent of velocity when air resistance is negligible?

Fill in the blanks: Newton’s first law is often called the law of _________; Newton’s second law is the law of ___________; and Newton’s third law is the law of _________ and __________.

Which of Newton’s three laws focuses on interactions?

Resultant of two vectors at right angles to each other: \(R = \sqrt {X^2 + Y^2}\) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant of a pair of 100­-km/h velocity vectors that are at right angles to each other.

Calculate the resultant of the pair of velocities 100 km/h north and 75 km/h south. Calculate the resultant if both of the velocities are directed northward. Resultant of two vectors at right angles to each other: \(R=\sqrt{X^{2}+Y^{2}}\)

Calculate the resultant of a horizontal vector with a mag­nitude of 4 units and a vertical vector with a magnitude of 3 units. Resultant of two vectors at right angles to each other: \(R=\sqrt{X^{2}+Y^{2}}\)

What will be the speed of an airplane that normally flies at 200 km/h when it encounters a 80-km/h wind from the side (at a right angle to the airplane).

A boxer punches a sheet of paper in midair and brings it from rest up to a speed of 25 m/s in 0.05 s. (a) What acceleration is imparted to the paper? (b) If the mass of the paper is 0.003 kg, what force does the boxer exert on it? (c) How much force does the paper exert on the boxer?

If you stand next to a wall on a frictionless skateboard and push the wall with a force of 40 N, how hard does the wall push on you? If your mass is 80 kg, show that your acceleration is \(\mathrm{0.5~m/s^2}\).

Forces of 3.0 N and 4.0 N act at right angles on a block of mass 2.0 kg. Show that the acceleration of the block is \(2.5\mathrm{\ m}/\mathrm{s}^2\). Text Transcription: 2.5 m/s^2

When two identical air pucks with repelling magnets are held together on an air table and then released, they end up moving in opposite directions at the same speed, v. Assume the mass of one of the pucks is doubled and the procedure is repeated. a. From Newton’s third law, show that the final speed of the double-mass puck is half that of the single puck. b. Calculate the speed of the double-mass puck if the single puck moves away at 0.4 m/s.

A van exerts a force on trailers of different masses \(\mathrm{m}\). Compared with the force exerted on each trailer, rank the magnitudes of the forces each trailer exerts on the van. (Or are all pairs of forces equal in magnitude?) Equation Transcription: m Text Transcription: m

Each of these boxes is pulled by the same force F to the left. All boxes have the same mass and slide on a friction­-free surface. Rank the following from greatest to least: a. The accelerations of the boxes b. The tensions in the ropes connected to the single boxes to the right in B and in C.

For each of the following interactions, identify action and reaction forces: (a) A hammer hits a nail. (b) Earth gravity pulls down on a book. (c) A helicopter blade pushes air downward.

The photo shows Steve Hewitt and daughter Gretchen. Is Gretchen touching her dad, or is her dad touching her? Explain.

When you rub your hands together, can you push harder on one hand than the other?

You hold an apple over your head. (a) Identify all the forces acting on the apple and their reaction forces. (b) When you drop the apple, identify all the forces acting on it as it falls and the corresponding reaction forces. Ignore air drag.

Identify the action–reaction pairs of forces for the follow­ing situations: (a) You step off a curb. (b) You pat your tutor on the back. (c) A wave hits a rocky shore.

Consider a baseball player batting a ball. Identify the action–reaction pairs (a) when the ball is being hit and (b) while the ball is in flight.

What physics is involved for a passenger feeling pushed backward into the seat of an airplane when it accelerates along the runway during takeoff?

If you drop a rubber ball on the floor, it bounces back up. What force acts on the ball to provide the bounce?

Within a book on a table, there are billions of forces pushing and pulling on all the molecules. Why is it that these forces never by chance add up to a net force in one direction, caus­ing the book to accelerate “spontaneously” across the table?

If you exert a horizontal force of 200 N to slide a crate across a factory floor at constant velocity, how much friction is exerted by the floor on the crate? Is the force of friction equal and oppositely directed to your 200-N push? If the force of friction isn’t the reaction force to your push, what is?

When the athlete holds the barbell overhead, the reaction force is the weight of the barbell on his hand. How does this force vary for the case in which the barbell is accelerated upward? Downward?

Consider the two forces acting on the person who stands still—namely, the downward pull of gravity and the upward support of the floor. Are these forces equal and opposite? Do they form an action– reaction pair? Why or why not?

Why can you exert greater force on the pedals of a bicycle if you pull up on the handlebars?

Why does a rope climber pull downward on the rope to move upward?

You push a heavy car by hand. The car, in turn, pushes back with an opposite but equal force on you. Doesn’t this mean that the forces cancel each other, making acceleration impossible? Why or why not?

The strong man will push the two initially stationary freight cars of equal mass apart before he himself drops straight to the ground. Is it possible for him to give either of the cars a greater speed than the other? Why or why not?

Suppose that two carts, one twice as massive as the other, fly apart when the compressed spring that joins them is released. What is the acceleration of the heavier cart relative to that of the lighter cart as they start to move apart?

If a Mack truck and Honda Civic have a head-­on collision, upon which vehicle is the impact force greater? Which vehicle experiences the greater deceleration? Explain your answers.

Ken and Joanne are astronauts floating some distance apart in space. They are joined by a safety cord whose ends are tied around their waists. If Ken starts pulling on the cord, will he pull Joanne toward him, or will he pull himself toward Joanne, or will both astronauts move? Explain.

In a tug­-of­-war between Sam and Maddy, each pulls on the rope with a force of 250 N. What is the tension in the rope? If both remain motionless, what horizontal force does each exert against the ground?

Which team wins in a tug­-of­-war: the team that pulls harder on the rope or the team that pushes harder against the ground? Explain.

Your instructor challenges you and your friend to each pull on a pair of scales attached to the ends of a horizon­tal rope, in tug-of-­war fashion, so that the readings on the scales will differ. Can this be done? Explain.

Two people of equal mass attempt a tug-­of­-war with a 12­-m rope while standing on frictionless ice. When they pull on the rope, each of them slides toward the other. How do their accelerations compare, and how far does each person slide before they meet?

What aspect of physics was not known by the writer of this newspaper editorial that ridiculed early experi­ments by Robert H. Goddard on rocket propulsion above Earth’s atmosphere? “Professor Goddard . . . does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react . . . he seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools.”

Why does vertically falling rain make slanted streaks on the side windows of a moving automobile? If the streaks make an angle of \(45^{\circ}\), what does this tell you about the relative speeds of the car and the falling rain? Text Transcription: 45 degrees

A balloon floats motionless in the air. A balloonist begins climbing the supporting cable. In which direction does the balloon move as the balloonist climbs? Defend your answer.

There are two interactions that involve a stone at rest on the ground. One is between the stone and Earth as a whole: Earth pulls down on the stone (mg) and the stone pulls up on Earth. What is the other interaction?

A stone is shown at rest on the ground. (a) The vector shows the weight of the stone. Complete the vector diagram showing another vector that results in zero net force on the stone. (b) What is the con­ventional name of the vector you have drawn?

A stone is suspended at rest by a string. (a) Draw force vectors for all the forces that act on the stone. (b) Should your vectors have a zero resultant? (c) Why or why not?

The same stone is being accelerated vertically upward. (a) Draw force vectors to some suitable scale showing relative forces acting on the stone. (b) Which is the longer vector, and why?

Suppose the string in the preceding exercise breaks and the stone slows in its upward motion. Draw a force vector diagram of the stone when it reaches the top of its path.

What is the acceleration of the stone of the preceding question at the top of its path?

Here the stone is sliding down a friction­-free incline. (a) Identify the forces that act on it, and draw appro­priate force vectors. (b) Use the parallelogram rule to construct the resultant force on the stone (carefully showing that it has a direction parallel to the incline—the same direction as the stone’s acceleration).

The stone is at rest, interacting with both the surface of the incline and the block. (a) Identify all the forces that act on the stone, and draw appropriate force vectors. (b) Show that the net force on the stone is zero. (Hint 1: There are two normal forces on the stone. Hint 2: Be sure the vectors you draw are for forces that act on the stone, not by the stone on the surfaces.)

In \(\text{Figure} \ 5.25\) how does the magnitude of \(f\) relate to the vector sum of \(mg\) and \(N\) when the shoe is in equilibrium? What occurs if \(f\) is less than this sum? Equation Transcription: Figure 5.25 f mg N Text Transcription: Figure 5.25 f mg N

Refer to Monkey Mo in \(\text{Figure} \ 5.26\). What will be the magnitude of vector \(S\) if the rope that supports Mo is ver­tical? If the rope were horizontal, how would vector \(S\) be different? Why can’t both vectors \(T\) and \(S\) be horizontal? Equation Transcription: Figure 5.26 S T Text Transcription: Figure 5.26 S T

Refer to Monkey Mo in \(\text{Figure} \ 5.26\). If the rope makes an angle of \(45^\circ\) with the vertical, how will the magni­tudes of vectors \(S\) and \(mg\) compare? Equation Transcription: Figure 5.26 45° S mg Text Transcription: Figure 5.26 45^circ S mg

A girl tosses a ball upward in Figure 5.27. If air drag is negligible, how does the horizontal component of velocity relate to Newton’s first law of motion?

As a tossed ball sails through the air, a force of gravity mg acts on it. Identify the reaction to this force. Also identify the acceleration of the ball along its path, even at the top of its path.

A rocket becomes progressively easier to accelerate as it travels through space. Discuss why is this so. (Hint: About 90% of the mass of a newly launched rocket is fuel.)

When you kick a football, what action and reaction forces are involved? Which force, if either, is greater?

Is it true that when you drop from a branch to the ground below, you pull upward on Earth? If so, then why isn’t the acceleration of Earth noticed?

Two 100­-N weights are attached to a spring scale as shown. Does the scale read 0, 100 N, or 200 N, or does it give some other reading? (Hint: Would the reading be different if one of the ropes were tied to the wall instead of to the hanging 100­-N weight?)

A baseball bat is swung against a baseball, which acceler­ates. When the ball is caught, what produces the force on the player’s glove?

Does a baseball bat slow down when it hits a ball? Dis­cuss and defend your answer.

A farmer urges his horse to pull a wagon. The horse refuses, saying that to try would be futile because it would flout Newton’s third law. The horse concludes that she can’t exert a greater force on the wagon than the wagon exerts on her and, therefore, that she won’t be able to accelerate the wagon. Discuss your reasoning to convince the horse to pull.

The strong man can withstand the tension force exerted by the two horses pulling in opposite directions. How would the tension compare if only one horse pulled and the left rope were tied to a tree? How would the tension compare if the two horses pulled in the same direction, with the left rope tied to the tree?