Name each of the following. a. Cl Cl CH2 CH2 CH CH3 b.

Draw the isomers of pentane.

Draw the structural isomers for the alkane C6H14 and give the systematic name for each one.

Determine the structure for each of the following compounds. a. 4-ethyl-3,5-dimethylnonane b. 4-tert-butylheptane

Name each of the following cyclic alkanes. CH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH3 a. b.

Name each of the following molecules. C H CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CH H C a. CH2 CH3CH2C CCHCH2CH3 CH3 b.

For each of the following alcohols, give the systematic name and specify whether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary. OH a. CH3CHCH2CH3 b. ClCH2CH2CH2OH c. OH CH3CCH2CH2CH2CH2Br CH3

Write the sequences of all possible tripeptides composed of the amino acids tyrosine, histidine, and cysteine.

What number of possible sequences exists for a polypeptide composed of 20 different amino acids?

What if you contracted a disease that prevents all hydrogen bonding in proteins? Could you live with such a condition?

Determine the number of chiral carbon atoms in the following pentose: C C C C O CH2OH OH OH OH H H H H

What is a hydrocarbon? What is the difference between a saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon? Distinguish between normal and branched hydrocarbons. What is an alkane? What is a cyclic alkane? What are the two general formulas for alkanes? What is the hybridization of carbon atoms in alkanes? What are the bond angles in alkanes? Why are cyclopropane and cyclobutane so reactive? The normal (unbranched) hydrocarbons are often referred to as straight-chain hydrocarbons. What does this name refer to? Does it mean that the carbon atoms in a straight-chain hydrocarbon really have a linear arrangement? Explain. In the shorthand notation for cyclic alkanes, the hydrogens are usually omitted. How do you determine the number of hydrogens bonded to each carbon in a ring structure?

What is an alkene? What is an alkyne? What are the general formulas for alkenes and alkynes, assuming one multiple bond in each? What are the bond angles in alkenes and alkynes? Describe the bonding in alkenes and alkynes using C2H4 and C2H2 as your examples. Why is there restricted rotation in alkenes and alkynes? Is the general formula for a cyclic alkene CnH2n? If not, what is the general formula, assuming one multiple bond?

What are aromatic hydrocarbons? Benzene exhibits resonance. Explain. What are the bond angles in benzene? Give a detailed description of the bonding in benzene. The p electrons in benzene are delocalized, while the p electrons in simple alkenes and alkynes are localized. Explain the difference.

Summarize the nomenclature rules for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds. Correct the following false statements regarding nomenclature of hydrocarbons. a. The root name for a hydrocarbon is based on the shortest continuous chain of carbon atoms. b. The suffix used to name all hydrocarbons is -ane. c. Substituent groups are numbered so as to give the largest numbers possible. d. No number is required to indicate the positions of double or triple bonds in alkenes and alkynes. e. Substituent groups get the lowest number possible in alkenes and alkynes. f. The ortho- term in aromatic hydrocarbons indicates the presence of two substituent groups bonded to carbon-1 and carbon-3 in benzene.

What functional group distinguishes each of the following hydrocarbon derivatives? a. halohydrocarbons b. alcohols c. ethers d. aldehydes e. ketones f. carboxylic acids g. esters h. amines Give examples of each functional group. What prefix or suffix is used to name each functional group? What are the bond angles in each? Describe the bonding in each functional group. What is the difference between a primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol? For the functional groups in ah, when is a number required to indicate the position of the functional group? Carboxylic acids are often written as RCOOH. What does OCOOH indicate and what does R indicate? Aldehydes are sometimes written as RCHO. What does OCHO indicate?

Distinguish between isomerism and resonance. Distinguish between structural and geometric isomerism. When writing the various structural isomers, the most difficult task is identifying which are different isomers and which are identical to a previously written structurethat is, which are compounds that differ only by the rotation of a carbon single bond. How do you distinguish between structural isomers and those that are identical? Alkenes and cycloalkanes are structural isomers of each other. Give an example of each using C4H8. Another common feature of alkenes and cycloalkanes is that both have restricted rotation about one or more bonds in the compound, so both can exhibit cistrans isomerism. What is required for an alkene or cycloalkane to exhibit cistrans isomerism? Explain the difference between cis and trans isomers. Alcohols and ethers are structural isomers of each other, as are aldehydes and ketones. Give an example of each to illustrate. Which functional group in Table 22.4 can be structural isomers of carboxylic acids? What is optical isomerism? What do you look for to determine whether an organic compound exhibits optical isomerism? 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane is optically active whereas 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is not optically active. Explain.

What type of intermolecular forces do hydrocarbons exhibit? Explain why the boiling point of n-heptane is greater than that of n-butane. A general rule for a group of hydrocarbon isomers is that as the amount of branching increases, the boiling point decreases. Explain why this would be true. The functional groups listed in Table 22.4 all exhibit London dispersion forces, but they also usually exhibit additional dipoledipole forces. Explain why this is the case for each functional group. Although alcohols and ethers are structural isomers of each other, alcohols always boil at significantly higher temperatures than similar-size ethers. Explain. What would you expect when comparing the boiling points of similarsize carboxylic acids to esters? CH3CH2CH3, CH3CH2OH, CH3CHO, and HCOOH all have about the same molar mass, but they boil at very different temperatures. Why? Place these compounds in order by increasing boiling point.

Distinguish between substitution and addition reactions. Give an example of each type of reaction. Alkanes and aromatics are fairly stable compounds. To make them react, a special catalyst must be present. What catalyst must be present when reacting Cl2 with an alkane or with benzene? Adding Cl2 to an alkene or alkyne does not require a special catalyst. Why are alkenes and alkynes more reactive than alkanes and aromatic compounds? All organic compounds can be combusted. What is the other reactant in a combustion reaction, and what are the products, assuming the organic compound contains only C, H, and perhaps O? The following are some other organic reactions covered in Section 22.4. Give an example to illustrate each type of reaction. a. Adding H2O to an alkene (in the presence of H1) yields an alcohol. b. Primary alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, which can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids. c. Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. d. Reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid (in the presence of H1) produces an ester.

Define and give an example of each of the following. a. addition polymer b. condensation polymer c. copolymer d. homopolymer e. polyester f. polyamide Distinguish between a thermoset polymer and a thermoplastic polymer. How do the physical properties of polymers depend on chain length and extent of chain branching? Explain how crosslinking agents are used to change the physical properties of polymers. Isotactic polypropylene makes stronger fibers than atactic polypropylene. Explain. In which polymer, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, would you expect to find the stronger intermolecular forces (assuming the average chain lengths are equal)?

Give the general formula for an amino acid. Some amino acids are labeled hydrophilic and some are labeled hydrophobic. What do these terms refer to? Aqueous solutions of amino acids are buffered solutions. Explain. Most of the amino acids in Fig. 22.18 are optically active. Explain. What is a peptide bond? Show how glycine, serine, and alanine react to form a tripeptide. What is a protein, and what are the monomers in proteins? Distinguish between the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of a protein. Give examples of the types of forces that maintain each type of structure. Describe how denaturation affects the function of a protein.

What are carbohydrates, and what are the monomers in carbohydrates? The monosaccharides in Table 22.8 are all optically active. Explain. What is a disaccharide? Which monosaccharide units make up the disaccharide sucrose? What do you call the bond that forms between the monosaccharide units? What forces are responsible for the solubility of starch in water? What is the difference between starch, cellulose, and glycogen?

Describe the structural differences between DNA and RNA. The monomers in nucleic acids are called nucleotides. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? The compounds adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are called the nucleic acid bases. What structural features in these compounds make them bases? DNA exhibits a double-helical structure. Explain. Describe how the complementary base pairing between the two individual strands of DNA forms the overall double-helical structure. How is complementary base pairing involved in the replication of the DNA molecule during cell division? Describe how protein synthesis occurs. What is a codon, and what is a gene? The deletion of a single base from a DNA molecule can constitute a fatal mutation, whereas substitution of one base for another is often not as serious a mutation. Explain.

A confused student was doing an isomer problem and listed the following six names as different structural isomers of C7H16. a. 1-sec-butylpropane b. 4-methylhexane c. 2-ethylpentane d. 1-ethyl-1-methylbutane e. 3-methylhexane f. 4-ethylpentane How many different structural isomers are actually present in these six names?

For the following formulas, what types of isomerism could be exhibited? For each formula, give an example that illustrates the specific type of isomerism. The types of isomerism are structural, geometric, and optical. a. C6H12 b. C5H12O c. C6H4Br2

What is wrong with the following names? Give the correct name for each compound. a. 2-ethylpropane b. 5-iodo-5,6-dimethylhexane c. cis-4-methyl-3-pentene d. 2-bromo-3-butanol

The following organic compounds cannot exist. Why? a. 2-chloro-2-butyne b. 2-methyl-2-propanone c. 1,l-dimethylbenzene d. 2-pentanal e. 3-hexanoic acid f. 5,5-dibromo-1-cyclobutanol

If you had a group of hydrocarbons, what structural features would you look at to rank the hydrocarbons in order of increasing boiling point?

Which of the functional groups in Table 22.4 can exhibit hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces? Can CH2CF2 exhibit hydrogen bonding? Explain.

A polypeptide is also called a polyamide. Nylon is also an example of a polyamide. What is a polyamide? Consider a polyhydrocarbon, a polyester, and a polyamide. Assuming average chain lengths are equal, which polymer would you expect to make the strongest fibers and which polymer would you expect to make the weakest fibers? Explain.

Give an example reaction that would yield the following products. Name the organic reactant and product in each reaction. a. alkane b. monohalogenated alkane c. dihalogenated alkane d. tetrahalogenated alkane e. monohalogenated benzene f. alkene

Give an example reaction that would yield the following products as major organic products. See Exercises 22.62 and 22.65 for some hints. For oxidation reactions, just write oxidation over the arrow and dont worry about the actual reagent. a. primary alcohol e. ketone b. secondary alcohol f. carboxylic acid c. tertiary alcohol g. ester d. aldehyde

What is polystyrene? The following processes result in a stronger polystyrene polymer. Explain why in each case. a. addition of catalyst to form syndiotactic polystyrene b. addition of 1,3-butadiene and sulfur c. producing long chains of polystyrene d. addition of a catalyst to make linear polystyrene

Answer the following questions regarding the formation of polymers. a. What structural features must be present in a monomer in order to form a homopolymer polyester? b. What structural features must be present in the monomers in order to form a copolymer polyamide? (Hint: Nylon is an example of a polyamide. When the monomers link together to form nylon, an amide functional group results from each linkage.) c. What structural features must be present in a monomer that can form both an addition polymer and a condensation polymer?

In Section 22.6, three important classes of biologically important natural polymers are discussed. What are the three classes, what are the monomers used to form the polymers, and why are they biologically important?

Draw the five structural isomers of hexane (C6H14)

Name the structural isomers in Exercise 13.

Draw all the structural isomers for C8H18 that have the following root name (longest carbon chain). Name the structural isomers. a. heptane b. butane

Draw all the structural isomers for C8H18 that have the following root name (longest carbon chain). Name the structural isomers. a. hexane b. pentane

Draw a structural formula for each of the following compounds. a. 2-methylpropane b. 2-methylbutane c. 2-methylpentane d. 2-methylhexane

Draw a structural formula for each of the following compounds. a. 2,2-dimethylheptane c. 3,3-dimethylheptane b. 2,3-dimethylheptane d. 2,4-dimethylheptane

Draw the structural formula for each of the following. a. 3-isobutylhexane b. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, also called isooctane. This substance is the reference (100 level) for octane ratings. c. 2-tert-butylpentane d. The names given in parts a and c are incorrect. Give the correct names for these hydrocarbons

Draw the structure for 4-ethyl-2,3-diisopropylpentane. This name is incorrect. Give the correct systematic name.

Name each of the following. a. CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 b. CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 c. CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH3 d. CH3 C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3

Name each of the following cyclic alkanes, and indicate the formula of the compound. a. CH3 CHCH3 b. CH3 CH3 CH3 CCH3 c. CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH3

Give two examples of saturated hydrocarbons. How many other atoms are bonded to each carbon in a saturated hydrocarbon?

Draw the structures for two examples of unsaturated hydrocarbons. What structural feature makes a hydrocarbon unsaturated?

Name each of the following alkenes. a. CH2 CH CH2 CH3 b. CHCH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH CH c. CH3CH2CH CHCH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH

Name each of the following alkenes or alkynes. a. CH3 CH3 CH3 C C CH3 b. C C CH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 c. CH2 CH CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH3

Give the structure for each of the following. a. 3-hexene b. 2,4-heptadiene c. 2-methyl-3-octene

Give the structure for each of the following. a. 4-methyl-1-pentyne b. 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-hexene c. 3-ethyl-4-decene

Give the structure of each of the following aromatic hydrocarbons. a. o-ethyltoluene b. p-di-tert-butylbenzene c. m-diethylbenzene d. 1-phenyl-2-butene

Cumene is the starting material for the industrial production of acetone and phenol. The structure of cumene is CH CH3 CH3 Give the systematic name for cumene.

Name each of the following. a. Cl Cl CH2 CH2 CH CH3 b. CH3CH2CH2CCl3 c. CCl Cl CHCH CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 d. CH2FCH2F

Name each of the following compounds. a. CH3CHCH Cl CH2 b. CH2CH3 CH3 c. CH2CH2CH3 Cl d. CH3 CH3 CH3 e. CH3 Br f. CH3 Br g. CH3 B

There is only one compound that is named 1,2-dichloroethane, but there are two distinct compounds that can be named 1,2-dichloroethene. Why?

Consider the following four structures. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) C H3C H H C C C H H H C H3C H H C C C H H H C H3C H H H C C C H H C H3C H H C C C H H H a. Which of these compounds would have the same physical properties (melting point, boiling point, density, and so on)? b. Which of these compounds are trans isomers? c. Which of these compounds do not exhibit cistrans isomerism?

Which of the compounds in Exercises 25 and 27 exhibit cis trans isomerism?

Which of the compounds in Exercises 26 and 28 exhibit cis trans isomerism?

Draw all the structural isomers of C5H10. Ignore any cyclic isomers

Which of the structural isomers in Exercise 37 exhibit cis trans isomerism?

Draw all the structural and geometrical (cistrans) isomers of C3H5Cl.

Draw all the structural and geometrical (cistrans) isomers of bromochloropropene.

Draw all structural and geometrical (cistrans) isomers of C4H7F. Ignore any cyclic isomers

Cistrans isomerism is also possible in molecules with rings. Draw the cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane. In Exercise 41, you drew all of the noncyclic structural and geometric isomers of C4H7F. Now draw the cyclic structural and geometric isomers of C4H7F.

Draw the following. a. cis-2-hexene b. trans-2-butene c. cis-2,3-dichloro-2-pentene

Name the following compounds. a. C CH3 H Br C H b. C CH3 CH2CH3 CH3CH2 CH2CH2CH3 C c. C H I I CH3CHCH2 CH3CH2CH2 C

If one hydrogen in a hydrocarbon is replaced by a halogen atom, the number of isomers that exist for the substituted compound depends on the number of types of hydrogen in the original hydrocarbon. Thus there is only one form of chloroethane (all hydrogens in ethane are equivalent), but there are two isomers of propane that arise from the substitution of a methyl hydrogen or a methylene hydrogen. How many isomers can be obtained when one hydrogen in each of the compounds named below is replaced by a chlorine atom? a. n-pentane c. 2,4-dimethylpentane b. 2-methylbutane d. methylcyclobutane

There are three isomers of dichlorobenzene, one of which has now replaced naphthalene as the main constituent of mothballs. a. Identify the ortho, the meta, and the para isomers of dichlorobenzene. b. Predict the number of isomers for trichlorobenzene. c. It turns out that the presence of one chlorine atom on a benzene ring will cause the next substituent to add ortho or para to the first chlorine atom on the benzene ring. What does this tell you about the synthesis of m-dichlorobenzene? d. Which of the isomers of trichlorobenzene will be the hardest to prepare?

Identify each of the following compounds as a carboxylic acid, ester, ketone, aldehyde, or amine. a. Anthraquinone, an important starting material in the manufacture of dyes: O O b. CH O c. O CHO CH2CHCH3 CH3 d. NH

Identify the functional groups present in the following compounds. a. Testosterone O CH3 CH3 OH b. Vanillin HO CH O CH3O c. CH NH CHCH2 OCH3 H2N CH2 Aspartame C C OHC O O

Mimosine is a natural product found in large quantities in the seeds and foliage of some legume plants and has been shown to cause inhibition of hair growth and hair loss in mice. Mimosine, C8H10N2O4 N NH2 HH HOH O CH2 CH CO2H a. What functional groups are present in mimosine? b. Give the hybridization of the eight carbon atoms in mimosine. c. How many s and p bonds are found in mimosine?

Minoxidil (C9H15N5O) is a compound produced by Pharmacia Company that has been approved as a treatment of some types of male pattern baldness. N H H H H a b c d e N N N O N a. Would minoxidil be more soluble in acidic or basic aqueous solution? Explain. b. Give the hybridization of the five nitrogen atoms in minoxidil.c. Give the hybridization of each of the nine carbon atoms in minoxidil. d. Give approximate values of the bond angles marked a, b, c, d, and e. e. Including all the hydrogen atoms, how many s bonds exist in minoxidil? f. How many p bonds exist in minoxidil?

For each of the following alcohols, give the systematic name and specify whether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary. a. Cl CH3CHCH2CH2 OH b. CH2CH2CH3 CH3CCH2CH3 OH c. CH3 OH

Draw structural formulas for each of the following alcohols. Indicate whether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary. a. 1-butanol c. 2-methyl-1-butanol b. 2-butanol d. 2-methyl-2-butanol

Name all the alcohols that have the formula C5H12O. How many ethers have the formula C5H12O?

Name all the aldehydes and ketones that have the formula C5H10O.

Name the following compounds. a. Cl O CH3 CH3CHCHCCH2 Cl b. CH2CH3 CH3 HCCHCHCH3 O c. CH O CH

Draw the structural formula for each of the following. a. formaldehyde (methanal) b. 4-heptanone c. 3-chlorobutanal d. 5,5-dimethyl-2-hexanone

Name the following compounds. a. C O Cl OH b. CH3 C O OH CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CHCH c. HCOOH

Draw a structural formula for each of the following. a. 3-methylpentanoic acid b. ethyl methanoate c. methyl benzoate d. 3-chloro-2,4-dimethylhexanoic acid

Which of the following statements is(are) false? Explain why the statement(s) is(are) false. O B a. CH3CH2CH2COCH3 is a structural isomer of pentanoic acid. O CH3 B A b. HCCH2CH2CHCH3 is a structural isomer of 2-methyl-3- pentanone. c. CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3 is a structural isomer of 2-pentanol. d. CH2wCHCHCH3 is a structural isomer of 2-butenal. A OH e. Trimethylamine is a structural isomer of CH3CH2CH2NH2.

Draw the isomer(s) specified. There may be more than one possible isomer for each part. a. a cyclic compound that is an isomer of trans-2-butene b. an ester that is an isomer of propanoic acid c. a ketone that is an isomer of butanal d. a secondary amine that is an isomer of butylamine e. a tertiary amine that is an isomer of butylamine f. an ether that is an isomer of 2-methyl-2-propanol g. a secondary alcohol that is an isomer of 2-methyl-2-propanol

Complete the following reactions. a. CH3CHwCHCH3 1 H2 hPt b. CH2 CH 2Cl2 CH3 CHCHCH CH3 + c. Cl2 FeCl3 + d. CH2 O2 CH3 CH3C

Reagents such as HCl, HBr, and HOH (H2O) can add across carboncarbon double and triple bonds, with H forming a bond to one of the carbon atoms in the multiple bond and Cl, Br, or OH forming a bond to the other carbon atom in the multiple bond. In some cases, two products are possible. For the major organic product, the addition occurs so that the hydrogen atom in the reagent attaches to the carbon atom in the multiple bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms bonded to it. With this rule in mind, draw the structure of the major product in each of the following reactions. a. CH3CH2CHwCH2 1 H2O hH1 b. CH3CH2CHwCH2 1 HBr h c. CH3CH2C{CH 1 2HBr h d. CH3  H2O H e. CH3CH2 CH3 CH3 H CC  HCl

When toluene (C6H5CH3) reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of iron(III) catalyst, the product is a mixture of the ortho and para isomers of C6H4ClCH3. However, when the reaction is light-catalyzed with no Fe31 catalyst present, the product is C6H5CH2Cl. Explain

Why is it preferable to produce chloroethane by the reaction of HCl(g) with ethene than by the reaction of Cl2(g) with ethane? (See Exercise 62.)

Using appropriate reactants, alcohols can be oxidized into aldehydes, ketones, and/or carboxylic acids. Primary alcohols can be oxidized into aldehydes, which can then be oxidized into carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols can be oxidized into ketones, while tertiary alcohols do not undergo this type of oxidation. Give the structure of the product(s) resulting from the oxidation of each of the following alcohols. a. 3-methyl-1-butanol b. 3-methyl-2-butanol c. 2-methyl-2-butanol d. CH2 OH e. CH3 OH f. CH2 CH3 OH OH HO

Oxidation of an aldehyde yields a carboxylic acid: CH O R R C OH O [ox] Draw the structures for the products of the following oxidation reactions. a. propanal h 3ox4 b. 2,3-dimethylpentanal h 3ox4 c. 3-ethylbenzaldehyde h

How would you synthesize each of the following? a. 1,2-dibromopropane from propene b. acetone (2-propanone) from an alcohol c. tert-butyl alcohol (2-methyl-2-propanol) from an alkene (See Exercise 62.) d. propanoic acid from an alcohol

What tests could you perform to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds? a. CH3CH2CH2CH3, CH2 CHCH2CH3 b. O CH3CH2CH2COOH, CH3CH2CCH3 c. O CH3CH2CH2OH, CH3CCH3 d. CH3CH2NH2, CH3OCH3

How would you synthesize the following esters? a. n-octylacetate b. O CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2O CCH2CH3

Complete the following reactions. a. CH3CO2H 1 CH3OH S b. CH3CH2CH2OH 1 HCOOH S

Kel-F is a polymer with the structure Cl F C F F C Cl F C F F C Cl F C F F C n What is the monomer for Kel-F?

What monomer(s) must be used to produce the following polymers? a. F F F n CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 b. O CH2 CH2 C O CH2 CH2 C O n O c. CH2 CH2 C CH2 CH2 C O N H N H n O d. C CH2 CH3 C CH2 CH3 C CH2 CH3 n e. CH3 CH3 CH CH CH CH n f. COC OH OC COC H H H H H COC C H H n O O O (This polymer is Kodel, used to make fibers of stain-resistant carpeting.) Classify these polymers as condensation or addition polymers. Which are copolymers?

Super glue contains methyl cyanoacrylate, NC O CH3 O C C CH2 which readily polymerizes upon exposure to traces of water or alcohols on the surfaces to be bonded together. The polymer provides a strong bond between the two surfaces. Draw the structure of the polymer formed by methyl cyanoacrylate.

Isoprene is the repeating unit in natural rubber. The structure of isoprene is CH2 C CH CH2 CH3 a. Give a systematic name for isoprene. b. When isoprene is polymerized, two polymers of the form CH2 C CH CH2 CH3 n are possible. In natural rubber, the cis configuration is found. The polymer with the trans configuration about the double bond is called gutta percha and was once used in the manufacture of golf balls. Draw the structure of natural rubber and gutta percha showing three repeating units and the configuration about the carboncarbon double bonds.

Kevlar, used in bulletproof vests, is made by the condensation copolymerization of the monomers H2N NH2 and HO2C CO2H Draw the structure of a portion of the Kevlar chain.

The polyester formed from lactic acid, CH3 CH CO2H OH is used for tissue implants and surgical sutures that will dissolve in the body. Draw the structure of a portion of this polymer.

Polyimides are polymers that are tough and stable at temperatures of up to 4008C. They are used as a protective coating on the quartz fibers used in fiber optics. What monomers were used to make the following polyimide? N )(

The Amoco Chemical Company has successfully raced a car with a plastic engine. Many of the engine parts, including piston skirts, connecting rods, and valve-train components, were made of a polymer called Torlon: N H )(n N C C O C O O What monomers are used to make this polymer?

Polystyrene can be made more rigid by copolymerizing styrene with divinylbenzene: CH CH2 CH CH2 How does the divinylbenzene make the copolymer more rigid?

Polyesters containing double bonds are often crosslinked by reacting the polymer with styrene. a. Draw the structure of the copolymer of HOiCH2CH2iOH and HO2CiCHwCHiCO2H b. Draw the structure of the crosslinked polymer (after the polyester has been reacted with styrene).

Which of the following polymers would be stronger or more rigid? Explain your choices. a. The copolymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid or the copolymer of 1,2-diaminoethane and terephthalic acid (1,2-diaminoethane 5 NH2CH2CH2NH2) b. The polymer of HOi 1CH22 6iCO2H or that of HO CO2H c. Polyacetylene or polyethylene (The monomer in polyacetylene is ethyne.)

Poly(lauryl methacrylate) is used as an additive in motor oils to counter the loss of viscosity at high temperature. The structure is C O CH2 (CH2)11 CH3 C O CH3 )( n The long hydrocarbon chain of poly(lauryl methacrylate) makes the polymer soluble in oil (a mixture of hydrocarbons with mostly 12 or more carbon atoms). At low temperatures the polymer is coiled into balls. At higher temperatures the balls uncoil and the polymer exists as long chains. Explain how this helps control the viscosity of oil.

Which of the amino acids in Fig. 22.18 contain the following functional groups in their R group? a. alcohol c. amine b. carboxylic acid d. amide

When pure crystalline amino acids are heated, decomposition generally occurs before the solid melts. Account for this observation. (Hint: Crystalline amino acids exist as H3N 1 CRHCOO2, called zwitterions.)

Aspartame, the artificial sweetener marketed under the name NutraSweet, is a methyl ester of a dipeptide: H2N CH CH CH2 CH2CO2H CO2CH3 C NH O a. What two amino acids are used to prepare aspartame? b. There is concern that methanol may be produced by the decomposition of aspartame. From what portion of the molecule can methanol be produced? Write an equation for this reaction

Glutathione, a tripeptide found in virtually all cells, functions as a reducing agent. The structure of glutathione is O O B B 2OOCCHCH2CH2CNHCHCNHCH2COO2 A A NH3 CH2SH 1 What amino acids make up glutathione?

Draw the structures of the two dipeptides that can be formed from serine and alanine

Draw the structures of the tripeptides glyalaser and serala gly. How many other tripeptides are possible using these three amino acids?

Write the sequence of all possible tetrapeptides composed of the following amino acids. a. two phenylalanines and two glycines b. two phenylalanines, glycine, and alanine

How many different pentapeptides can be formed using five different amino acids?

Give an example of amino acids that could give rise to the interactions pictured in Fig. 22.24 that maintain the tertiary structures of proteins.

What types of interactions can occur between the side chains of the following amino acids that would help maintain the tertiary structure of a protein? a. cysteine and cysteine b. glutamine and serine c. glutamic acid and lysine d. proline and leucine

Oxygen is carried from the lungs to tissues by the protein hemoglobin in red blood cells. Sickle cell anemia is a disease resulting from abnormal hemoglobin molecules in which a valine is substituted for a single glutamic acid in normal hemoglobin. How might this substitution affect the structure of hemoglobin?

Over 100 different kinds of mutant hemoglobin molecules have been detected in humans. Unlike sickle cell anemia (see Exercise 93), not all of these mutations are as serious. In one nonlethal mutation, glutamine substitutes for a single glutamic acid in normal hemoglobin. Rationalize why this substitution is nonlethal

Draw cyclic structures for d-ribose and d-mannose

Indicate the chiral carbon atoms found in the monosaccharides d-ribose and d-mannose.

In addition to using numerical prefixes in the general names of sugars to indicate how many carbon atoms are present, we often use the prefixes keto- and aldo- to indicate whether the sugar is a ketone or an aldehyde. For example, the monosaccharide fructose is frequently called a ketohexose to emphasize that it contains six carbons as well as the ketone functional group. For each of the monosaccharides shown in Table 22.8 classify the sugars as aldohexoses, aldopentoses, ketohexoses, or ketopentoses

Glucose can occur in three forms: two cyclic forms and one open-chain structure. In aqueous solution, only a tiny fraction of the glucose is in the open-chain form. Yet tests for the presence of glucose depend on reaction with the aldehyde group, which is found only in the open-chain form. Explain why these tests work.

What are the structural differences between a- and b-glucose? These two cyclic forms of glucose are the building blocks to form two different polymers. Explain

Cows can digest cellulose, but humans cant. Why not?

Which of the amino acids in Fig. 22.18 contain more than one chiral carbon atom? Draw the structures of these amino acids and indicate all chiral carbon atoms.

Why is glycine not optically active?

Which of the noncyclic isomers of bromochloropropene are optically active?

How many chiral carbon atoms does the following structure have? O OH CH3CHOH OH

Part of a certain DNA sequence is GGTCTATAC. What is the complementary sequence?

The codons (words) in DNA (that specify which amino acid should be at a particular point in a protein) are three bases long. How many such three-letter words can be made from the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine?

Which base will hydrogen-bond with uracil within an RNA molecule? Draw the structure of this base pair.

Tautomers are molecules that differ in the position of a hydrogen atom. A tautomeric form of thymine has the structure N N H OH CH3 O If this tautomeric form, rather than the stable form of thymine, were present in a strand of DNA during replication, what would be the result?

The base sequences in mRNA that code for certain amino acids are Glu: GAA, GAG Val: GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG Met: AUG Trp: UGG Phe: UUU, UUC Asp: GAU, GAC These sequences are complementary to the sequences in DNA. a. Give the corresponding sequences in DNA for the amino acids listed above. b. Give a DNA sequence that would code for the peptide trpgluphemet. c. How many different DNA sequences can code for the tetrapeptide in part b? d. What is the peptide that is produced from the DNA sequence TACCTGAAG? e. What other DNA sequences would yield the same tripeptide as in part d?

The change of a single base in the DNA sequence for normal hemoglobin can encode for the abnormal hemoglobin giving rise to sickle cell anemia. Which base in the codon for glu in DNA is replaced to give the codon(s) for val? (See Exercises 93 and 109.)

Draw the following incorrectly named compounds and name them correctly. a. 2-ethyl-3-methyl-5-isopropylhexane b. 2-ethyl-4-tert-butylpentane c. 3-methyl-4-isopropylpentane d. 2-ethyl-3-butyne

In the presence of light, chlorine can substitute for one (or more) of the hydrogens in an alkane. For the following reactions, draw the possible monochlorination products. a. 2,2-dimethylpropane 1 Cl2 hhv b. 1,3-dimethylcyclobutane 1 Cl2 hhv c. 2,3-dimethylbutane 1 Cl2 h

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are highly toxic substances that are present in trace amounts as by-products of some chemical manufacturing processes. They have been implicated in a number of environmental incidentsfor example, the chemical contamination at Love Canal and the herbicide spraying in Vietnam. The structure of dibenzo-p-dioxin, along with the customary numbering convention, is O O 1 9 2 3 4 6 7 8 The most toxic PCDD is 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin. Draw the structure of this compound. Also draw the structures of two other isomers containing four chlorine atoms

Consider the following five compounds. a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 b. CH3CH2CH2CH2 OH c. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 d. CH3CH2CH2CH O e. CH3CCH3 CH3 CH3 The boiling points of these five compounds are 9.58C, 368C, 698C, 768C, and 1178C. Which compound boils at 368C? Explain.

The two isomers having the formula C2H6O boil at 2238C and 78.58C. Draw the structure of the isomer that boils at 2238C and of the isomer that boils at 78.58C.

Ignoring ring compounds, which isomer of C2H4O2 should boil at the lowest temperature?

Explain why methyl alcohol is soluble in water in all proportions, while stearyl alcohol [CH3(CH2)16OH] is a waxy solid that is not soluble in water.

Is octanoic acid more soluble in 1 M HCl, 1 M NaOH, or pure water? Explain. Drugs such as morphine (C17H19NO3) are often treated with strong acids. The most commonly used form of morphine is morphine hydrochloride (C17H20ClNO3). Why is morphine treated in this way? (Hint: Morphine is an amine.)

Consider the compounds butanoic acid, pentanal, n-hexane, and 1-pentanol. The boiling points of these compounds (in no specific order) are 698C, 1038C, 1378C, and 1648C. Match the boiling points to the correct compound.

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen is 85.63% C by mass. Reaction of this compound with H2O produces a secondary alcohol as the major product and a primary alcohol as the minor product. (See Exercise 62.) If the molar mass of the hydrocarbon is between 50 and 60 g/mol, name the compound.

Three different organic compounds have the formula C3H8O. Only two of these isomers react with KMnO4 (a strong oxidizing agent). What are the names of the products when these isomers react with excess KMnO4?

Consider the following polymer: C O n C O CH2 O CH2 O Is this polymer a homopolymer or a copolymer, and is it formed by addition polymerization or condensation polymerization? What is (are) the monomer(s) for this polymer?

Nylon is named according to the number of C atoms between the N atoms in the chain. Nylon-46 has 4 C atoms, then 6 C atoms, and this pattern repeats. Nylon-6 always has 6 carbon atoms in a row. Speculate as to why nylon-46 is stronger than nylon-6. (Hint: Consider the strengths of interchain forces.)

The polymer nitrile is a copolymer made from acrylonitrile and butadiene; it is used to make automotive hoses and gaskets. Draw the structure of nitrile. (Hint: See Table 22.7.)

Polyaramid is a term applied to polyamides containing aromatic groups. These polymers were originally made for use as tire cords but have since found many other uses. a. Kevlar is used in bulletproof vests and many high-strength composites. The structure of Kevlar is NC O n NC O CN O N C H H H H O Which monomers are used to make Kevlar? b. Nomex is a polyaramid used in fire-resistant clothing. It is a copolymer of H2N and NH2 HO2C CO2H Draw the structure of the Nomex polymer. How do Kevlar and Nomex differ in their structures?

When acrylic polymers are burned, toxic fumes are produced. For example, in many airplane fires, more passenger deaths have been caused by breathing toxic fumes than by the fire itself. Using polyacrylonitrile as an example, what would you expect to be one of the most toxic, gaseous combustion products created in the reaction?

Ethylene oxide, O CH2 CH2 is an important industrial chemical. Although most ethers are unreactive, ethylene oxide is quite reactive. It resembles C2H4 in its reactions in that addition reactions occur across the COO bond in ethylene oxide. a. Why is ethylene oxide so reactive? (Hint: Consider the bond angles in ethylene oxide as compared with those predicted by the VSEPR model.) b. Ethylene oxide undergoes addition polymerization, forming a polymer used in many applications requiring a nonionic surfactant. Draw the structure of this polymer.

Another way of producing highly crosslinked polyesters is to use glycerol. Alkyd resins are a polymer of this type. The polymer forms very tough coatings when baked onto a surface and is used in paints for automobiles and large appliances. Draw the structure of the polymer formed from the condensation of OH OH OH CH2 CH CH2 CO2H CO2H Glycerol Phthalic acid and Explain how crosslinking occurs in this polymer

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is commonly used as a flavoring in foods. Draw the structure of MSG.

a. Use bond energies (see Table 8.4) to estimate DH for the reaction of two molecules of glycine to form a peptide linkage. b. Would you predict DS to favor the formation of peptide linkages between two molecules of glycine? c. Would you predict the formation of proteins to be a spontaneous process?

The reaction to form a phosphateester linkage between two nucleotides can be approximated as follows: Sugar OH + HO CH2 sugar O PO O Sugar O CH2 sugar + H2O O PO O Would you predict the formation of a dinucleotide from two nucleotides to be a spontaneous process?

Considering your answers to Exercises 130 and 131, how can you justify the existence of proteins and nucleic acids in light of the second law of thermodynamics?

All amino acids have at least two functional groups with acidic or basic properties. In alanine, the carboxylic acid group has Ka 5 4.5 3 1023 and the amino group has Kb 5 7.4 3 1025 . Three ions of alanine are possible when alanine is dissolved in water. Which of these ions would predominate in a solution with [H1] 5 1.0 M? In a solution with [OH2] 5 1.0 M?

The average molar mass of one base pair of nucleotides in DNA is approximately 600 g/mol. The spacing between successive base pairs is about 0.34 nm, and a complete turn in the helical structure of DNA occurs about every 3.4 nm. If a DNA molecule has a molar mass of 4.5 3 109 g/mol, approximately how many complete turns exist in the DNA a-helix structure?

When heat is added to proteins, the hydrogen bonding in the secondary structure is disrupted. What are the algebraic signs of DH and DS for the denaturation process?

In glycine, the carboxylic acid group has Ka 5 4.3 3 1023 and the amino group has Kb 5 6.0 3 1025 . Use these equilibrium constant values to calculate the equilibrium constants for the following. a. 1H3NCH2CO2 2 1 H2OmH2NCH2CO2 2 1 H3O1 b. H2NCH2CO2 2 1 H2OmH2NCH2CO2H 1 OH2 c. 1H3NCH2CO2Hm2H1 1 H2NCH2CO2 2

Name each of the following alkanes. a. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 b. CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH CH2 CH c. CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH3 CH2 CH CH CH

Name each of the following alkanes. a. CH3 CH3 C CH CH2 CH3 Br Br b. CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 I CH3 CH CH CH

Name each of the following cyclic alkanes. a. I b. Cl CH3 CH3 CH3 c. Cl CH2CH3 d. CH3 CH2CH3

Name each of the following alkenes and alkynes. a. CH3CH2 CH3 C CH2 b. CH2 CH3 C CH3 CH2 C CH2 c. CH2CH CH3 CH2CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CH CH CH e. CH3 CH3 C C C CH3 CH3 Cl CH2CH2 CH Br d. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH C CH f. CH2CH3 CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3 HC C CH CH

a. Name each of the following alcohols. HO CH2 CH CH3 CH3 C OH CH3 HO CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 b. Name each of the following alcohols, including the stereochemistry if cistrans isomers are possible. CH CH OH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH OH OH

Name each of the following organic compounds. a. O CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH d. CH3CH2CCH CH CH3 CH3 CH3 O e. CH3 CH3 CH3CH2CHCHCH2COH O c. O CH3CH2CCH2CH2CH3 b. CH3CH2 O CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH CH3

Esterification reactions are carried out in the presence of a strong acid such as H2SO4. A carboxylic acid is warmed with an alcohol, and an ester and water are formed. You may have made a fruity-smelling ester in the lab when studying organic functional groups. Name the carboxylic acid that is necessary to complete the following esterification reaction. CH3 CH3 + H2O + CH C O C O HO CH3 CH3 CH3 ? C Cl CH3 CH3

Rank these organic compounds in terms of increasing water solubility (from least water soluble to most water soluble). CH3CH2CH2COH O A CH3CH2CH C CH3 CH3 B CH3CH2CH2CCH3

The isoelectric point of an amino acid is the pH at which the molecule has no net charge. For glycine, that point would be the pH at which virtually all glycine molecules are in the form 1H3NCH2CO2 2. This form of glycine is amphoteric since it can act as both an acid and a base. If we assume that the principal equilibrium at the isoelectric point has the best acid reacting with the best base present, then the reaction is 21H3NCH2CO2 2mH2NCH2CO2 2 1 1H3NCH2CO2H (i) Assuming this reaction is the principal equilibrium, then the following relationship must hold true: 3H2NCH2CO2 2 4 5 3 1H3NCH2CO2H4 (ii) Use this result and your answer to part c of Exercise 136 to calculate the pH at which equation (ii) is true. This pH will be the isoelectric point of glycine.

In 1994 chemists at Texas A & M University reported the synthesis of a non-naturally occurring amino acid (C & E News, April 18, 1994, pp. 2627): CH2SCH3 H C H2N CH2 CO2H C a. To which naturally occurring amino acid is this compound most similar? b. A tetrapeptide, phemetargpheONH2, is synthesized in the brains of rats addicted to morphine and heroin. (The ONH2 indicates that the peptide ends in O C NH2 instead of OCO2H.) The TAMU scientists synthesized a similar tetrapeptide, with the synthetic amino acid above replacing one of the original amino acids. Draw a structure for the tetrapeptide containing the synthetic amino acid.c. Indicate the chiral carbon atoms in the synthetic amino acid.

The structure of tartaric acid is CH OH HO2C CH CO2H OH a. Is the form of tartaric acid pictured below optically active? Explain. C OH HOOC COOH H C OH H (Note: The dashed lines show groups behind the plane of the page. The wedges show groups in front of the plane.) b. Draw the optically active forms of tartaric acid.

Consider a sample of a hydrocarbon at 0.959 atm and 298 K. Upon combusting the entire sample in oxygen, you collect a mixture of gaseous carbon dioxide and water vapor at 1.51 atm and 375 K. This mixture has a density of 1.391 g/L and occupies a volume four times as large as that of the pure hydrocarbon. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon and name it

Mycomycin, a naturally occurring antibiotic produced by the fungus Nocardia acidophilus, has the molecular formula C13H10O2 and the systematic name 3,5,7,8-tridecatetraene10,12-diynoic acid. Draw the structure of mycomycin.

Sorbic acid is used to prevent mold and fungus growth in some food products, especially cheeses. The systematic name for sorbic acid is 2,4-hexadienoic acid. Draw structures for the four geometrical isomers of sorbic acid.

Consider the following reactions. For parts bd, see Exercise 62. a. When C5H12 is reacted with Cl2(g) in the presence of ultraviolet light, four different monochlorination products form. What is the structure of C5H12 in this reaction? b. When C4H8 is reacted with H2O, a tertiary alcohol is produced as the major product. What is the structure of C4H8 in this reaction? c. When C7H12 is reacted with HCl, 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane is produced as the major product. What are the two possible structures for C7H12 in this reaction? d. When a hydrocarbon is reacted with H2O and the major product of this reaction is then oxidized, acetone (2-propanone) is produced. What is the structure of the hydrocarbon in this reaction? e. When C5H12O is oxidized, a carboxylic acid is produced. What are the possible structures for C5H12O in this reaction?

Polycarbonates are a class of thermoplastic polymers that are used in the plastic lenses of eyeglasses and in the shells of bicycle helmets. A polycarbonate is made from the reaction of bisphenol A (BPA) with phosgene (COCl2): HO C OH + nCOCl2 CH3 CH3 ( ) n BPA 8888n polycarbonate 1 2nHCl Phenol (C6H5OH) is used to terminate the polymer (stop its growth). a. Draw the structure of the polycarbonate chain formed from the above reaction. b. Is this reaction a condensation or an addition polymerization?

A urethane linkage occurs when an alcohol adds across the carbonnitrogen double bond in an isocyanate: Alcohol Isocyanate A urethane R O H + O C N R RO C N H R O Polyurethanes (formed from the copolymerization of a diol with a diisocyanate) are used in foamed insulation and a variety of other construction materials. What is the structure of the polyurethane formed by the following reaction? HOCH2CH2OH + O C N N C O

ABS plastic is a tough, hard plastic used in applications requiring shock resistance. The polymer consists of three monomer units: acrylonitrile (C3H3N), butadiene (C4H6), and styrene (C8H8). a. Draw two repeating units of ABS plastic assuming that the three monomer units react in a 1:1:1 mole ratio and react in the same order as the monomers listed above. b. A sample of ABS plastic contains 8.80% N by mass. It took 0.605 g Br2 to react completely with a 1.20-g sample of ABS plastic. What is the percent by mass of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene in this polymer sample? c. ABS plastic does not react in a 1:1:1 mole ratio among the three monomer units. Using the results from part b, determine the relative numbers of the monomer units in this sample of ABS plastic.

Stretch a rubber band while holding it gently to your lips. Then slowly let it relax while still in contact with your lips. a. What happens to the temperature of the rubber band on stretching? b. Is the stretching an exothermic or endothermic process? c. Explain the above result in terms of intermolecular forces. d. What is the sign of DS and DG for stretching the rubber band?e. Give the molecular explanation for the sign of DS for stretching.

Alcohols are very useful starting materials for the production of many different compounds. The following conversions, starting with 1-butanol, can be carried out in two or more steps. Show the steps (reactants/catalysts) you would follow to carry out the conversions, drawing the formula for the organic product in each step. For each step, a major product must be produced. (See Exercise 62.) (Hint: In the presence of H1, an alcohol is converted into an alkene and water. This is the exact reverse of the reaction of adding water to an alkene to form an alcohol.) a. 1-butanol h butane b. 1-butanol h 2-butanone

A chemical breathalyzer test works because ethanol in the breath is oxidized by the dichromate ion (orange) to form acetic acid and chromium(III) ion (green). The balanced reaction is 3C2H5OH1aq2 1 2Cr2O7 22 1aq2 1 2H1 1aq2 h 3HC2H3O2 1aq2 1 4Cr31 1aq2 1 11H2O1l2 You analyze a breathalyzer test in which 4.2 mg K2Cr2O7 was reduced. Assuming the volume of the breath was 0.500 L at 30.8C and 750. mm Hg, what was the mole percent alcohol of the breath?

Estradiol is a female hormone with the following structure: CH3 HO OH How many chiral carbon atoms are in estradiol?

An organometallic compound is one containing at least one metalcarbon bond. An example of an organometallic species is (CH3CH2)MBr, which contains a metalethyl bond. a. If M21 has the electron configuration [Ar]3d10, what is the percent by mass of M in (CH3CH2)MBr? b. A reaction involving (CH3CH2)MBr is the conversion of a ketone to an alcohol as illustrated here: O * OH * How does the hybridization of the starred carbon atom change, if at all, in going from reactants to products? c. What is the systematic name of the product? (Hint: In this shorthand notation, all the COH bonds have been eliminated and the lines represent COC bonds, unless shown differently. As is typical of most organic compounds, each carbon atom has four bonds to it and the oxygen atoms have only two bonds.)

Helicenes are extended fused polyaromatic hydrocarbons that have a helical or screw-shaped structure. a. A 0.1450-g sample of solid helicene is combusted in air to give 0.5063 g CO2. What is the empirical formula of this helicene? b. If a 0.0938-g sample of this helicene is dissolved in 12.5 g of solvent to give a 0.0175 M solution, what is the molecular formula of this helicene? c. What is the balanced reaction for the combustion of this helicene?

For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives. a. The first organic compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was , which was prepared from . b. An organic compound whose carboncarbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be . c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is . d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be alkanes. e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit different arrangements of the between those atoms. f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. g. For a branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the continuous chain in the molecule. h. The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached. i. The major use of alkanes has been in reactions, as a source of heat and light. j. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane. k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond. l. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of . m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called hydrocarbons. n. An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a group.o. A alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group. p. The simplest alcohol, methanol, is prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of . q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the of certain sugars by yeast. r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain the group, but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain. s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by of the corresponding alcohol. t. Organic acids, which contain the group, are typically weak acids. u. The typically sweet-smelling compounds called result from the condensation reaction of an organic acid with an

Choose one of the following terms to match the description given in statements (1)(17). All of the following pertain to proteins or carbohydrates. a. aldohexose g. disaccharides m. ketohexoses b. saliva h. disulfide n. oxytocin c. cellulose i. globular o. pleated sheet d. CH2O j. glycogen p. polypeptide e. cysteine k. glycoside linkage q. primary f. denaturation l. hydrophobic structure (1) polymer consisting of many amino acids (2) linkage that forms between two cysteine species (3) peptide hormone that triggers milk secretion (4) proteins with roughly spherical shape (5) sequence of amino acids in a protein (6) silk protein secondary structure (7) water-repelling amino acid side chain (8) amino acid responsible for permanent wave in hair (9) breakdown of a proteins tertiary and/or secondary structure (10) animal polymer of glucose (11) OCOOOCO bond between rings in disaccharide sugars (12) empirical formula leading to the name carbohydrate (13) where enzymes catalyzing the breakdown of glycoside linkages are found (14) six-carbon ketone sugars (15) structural component of plants, polymer of glucose (16) sugars consisting of two monomer units (17) six-carbon aldehyde sugars

For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response(s). All of the following pertain to nucleic acids. a. The substance in the nucleus of the cell that stores and transmits genetic information is DNA, which stands for . b. The basic repeating monomer units of DNA and RNA are called . c. The pentose deoxyribose is found in DNA, whereas is found in RNA.d. The basic linkage in DNA or RNA between the sugar molecule and phosphoric acid is a phosphate linkage. e. The bases on opposite strands of DNA are said to be to each other, which means the bases fit together specifically by hydrogen bonding to one another. f. In a strand of normal DNA, the base is always found paired with the base adenine, whereas is always found paired with cytosine.g. A given segment of the DNA molecule, which contains the molecular coding for a specific protein to be synthesized, is referred to as a . h. During protein synthesis, RNA molecules attach to and transport specific amino acids to the appropriate position on the pattern provided by RNA molecules. i. The codes specified by are responsible for assembling the correct primary structure of proteins.