An optical fiber is a long transparent cylinder of diameter dand index of refraction n. If this fiber is bent sharply, somelight hitting the side of the cylinder may escape rather thanreflect back into the fiber (Fig. 32-65). What is the smallestradius r at a short bentsection for which totalinternal reflection will beassured for light initiallytravelling parallel to theaxis of the fiber?FIGURE 32-65 83
Chapter 16: Temperature and Heat Heat: The energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference o When the transfer of heat between objects in thermal contact ceases, they are in thermal equilibrium Zeroth law of thermodynamics: if object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B, and object C is also in thermal equilibrium with object B, then objects A and C will be in thermal equilibrium if brought into thermal contact Celsius scale: o Water freezes at 0 o Water boils at 100 Fahrenheit Scale: o Water freezes at 32 o Water boils at 212 Celsius Fahrenheit conversions The Kelvin scale is similar to the Celsius scale, except that the Kelvin scale has its zero at absolute z
