Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have shown some promise

Sketch a galvanic cell, and explain how it works. Look at Figs. 18.1 and 18.2. Explain what is occurring in each container and why the cell in Fig. 18.2 works but the one in Fig. 18.1 does not.

In making a specific galvanic cell, explain how one decides on the electrodes and the solutions to use in the cell.

You want to plate out nickel metal from a nickel nitrate solution onto a piece of metal inserted into the solution. Should you use copper or zinc? Explain.

A copper penny can be dissolved in nitric acid but not in hydrochloric acid. Using reduction potentials from the book, show why this is so. What are the products of the reaction? Newer pennies contain a mixture of zinc and copper. What happens to the zinc in the penny when the coin is placed in nitric acid? Hydrochloric acid? Support your explanations with data from the book, and include balanced equations for all reactions.

Sketch a cell that forms iron metal from iron(II) while changing chromium metal to chromium(III). Calculate the voltage, show the electron flow, label the anode and cathode, and balance the overall cell equation.

Which of the following is the best reducing agent: F2, H2, Na, Na, F? Explain. Order as many of these species as possible from the best to the worst oxidizing agent. Why cant you order all of them? From Table 18.1 choose the species that is the best oxidizing agent. Choose the best reducing agent. Explain.

You are told that metal A is a better reducing agent than metal B. What, if anything, can be said about A and B? Explain.

Explain the following relationships: G and w, cell potential and w, cell potential and G, cell potential and Q. Using these relationships, explain how you could make a cell in which both electrodes are the same metal and both solutions contain the same compound, but at different concentrations. Why does such a cell run spontaneously?

Explain why cell potentials are not multiplied by the coefficients in the balanced redox equation. (Use the relationship between G and cell potential to do this.)

What is the difference between and ? When is equal to zero? When is equal to zero? (Consider regular galvanic cells as well as concentration cells.)

Consider the following galvanic cell:What happens to as the concentration of Zn2 is increased? As the concentration of Ag is increased? What happens to in these cases?

Look up the reduction potential for Fe3 to Fe2. Look up the reduction potential for Fe2 to Fe. Finally, look up the reduction potential for Fe3 to Fe. You should notice that adding the reduction potentials for the first two does not give the potential for the third. Why not? Show how you can use the first two potentials to calculate the third potential. 13

If the cell potential is proportional to work and the standard reduction potential for the hydrogen ion is zero, does this mean that the reduction of the hydrogen ion requires no work?

Is the following statement true or false? Concentration cells work because standard reduction potentials are dependent on concentration. Explain.

Define oxidation and reduction in terms of both change in oxidation number and electron loss or gain.

Assign oxidation numbers to all the atoms in each of the following. a. HNO3 e. C6H12O6 i. Na2C2O4 b. CuCl2 f. Ag j. CO2 c. O2 g. PbSO4 k. (NH4)2Ce(SO4)3 d. H2O2 h. PbO2 l. Cr2O3

Specify which of the following equations represent oxidation reduction reactions, and indicate the oxidizing agent, the reducing agent, the species being oxidized, and the species being reduced.

The Ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid involves the following three steps: a. Which reactions in the Ostwald process are oxidation reduction reactions? b. Identify each oxidizing agent and reducing agent.

What is electrochemistry? What are redox reactions? Explain the difference between a galvanic and an electrolytic cell.

When balancing reactions in Chapter 3, we did not mention that reactions must be charge balanced as well as mass balanced. What do charge balanced and mass balanced mean? How are redox reactions charge balanced?

When magnesium metal is added to a beaker of HCl(aq), a gas is produced. Knowing that magnesium is oxidized and that hydrogen is reduced, write the balanced equation for the reaction. How many electrons are transferred in the balanced equation? What quantity of useful work can be obtained when Mg is added directly to the beaker of HCl? How can you harness this reaction to do useful work?

How can one construct a galvanic cell from two substances, each having a negative standard reduction potential?

The free energy change for a reaction, G, is an extensive property. What is an extensive property? Surprisingly, one can calculate G from the cell potential, , for the reaction. This is surprising because is an intensive property. How can the extensive property G be calculated from the intensive property ?

What is wrong with the following statement: The best concentration cell will consist of the substance having the most positive standard reduction potential. What drives a concentration cell to produce a large voltage?

When jump-starting a car with a dead battery, the ground jumper should be attached to a remote part of the engine block. Why?

In theory, most metals should easily corrode in air. Why? A group of metals called the noble metals are relatively difficult to corrode in air. Some noble metals include gold, platinum, and silver. Reference Table 18.1 to come up with a possible reason why the noble metals are relatively difficult to corrode.

Consider the electrolysis of a molten salt of some metal. What information must you know to calculate the mass of metal plated out in the electrolytic cell?

Although aluminum is one of the most abundant elements on earth, production of pure Al proved very difficult until the late 1800s. At this time, the HallHeroult process made it relatively easy to produce pure Al. Why was pure Al so difficult to produce and what was the key discovery behind the HallHeroult process?

Balance the following oxidationreduction reactions that occur in acidic solution using the half-reaction method.

Balance the following oxidationreduction reactions that occur in acidic solution using the half-reaction method.

Balance the following oxidationreduction reactions that occur in basic solution.

Balance the following oxidationreduction reactions that occur in basic solution.

Chlorine gas was first prepared in 1774 by C. W. Scheele by oxidizing sodium chloride with manganese(IV) oxide. The reaction is Balance this equation

Gold metal will not dissolve in either concentrated nitric acid or concentrated hydrochloric acid. It will dissolve, however, in aqua regia, a mixture of the two concentrated acids. The products of the reaction are the AuCl4 ion and gaseous NO. Write a balanced equation for the dissolution of gold in aqua regia.

Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following overall reactions. Show the direction of electron flow and identify the cathode and anode. Give the overall balanced equation. Assume that all concentrations are 1.0 M and that all partial pressures are 1.0 atm.

Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following overall reactions. Show the direction of electron flow, the direction of ion migration through the salt bridge, and identify the cathode and anode. Give the overall balanced equation. Assume that all concentrations are 1.0 M and that all partial pressures are 1.0 atm.

Calculate values for the galvanic cells in Exercise 35

Calculate values for the galvanic cells in Exercise 36.

Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following half-reactions. Show the direction of electron flow, show the direction of ion migration through the salt bridge, and identify the cathode and anode. Give the overall balanced equation, and determine for the galvanic cells. Assume that all concentrations are 1.0 M and that all partial pressures are 1.0 atm

Sketch the galvanic cells based on the following half-reactions. Show the direction of electron flow, show the direction of ion migration through the salt bridge, and identify the cathode and anode. Give the overall balanced equation, and determine for the galvanic cells. Assume that all concentrations are 1.0 M and that all partial pressures are 1.0 atm.

Give the standard line notation for each cell in Exercises 35 and 39

Give the standard line notation for each cell in Exercises 36 and 4

Consider the following galvanic cells

Give the balanced cell equation and determine for the galvanic cells based on the following half-reactions. Standard reduction potentials are found in Table 18.1.

Calculate values for the following cells. Which reactions are spontaneous as written (under standard conditions)? Balance the equations. Standard reduction potentials are found in Table 18.1

Calculate values for the following cells. Which reactions are spontaneous as written (under standard conditions)? Balance the equations that are not already balanced. Standard reduction potentials are found in Table 18.1.

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), which is produced by the reaction has been tested as a disinfectant for municipal water treatment. Using data from Table 18.1, calculate and G at 25C for the production of ClO2.

The amount of manganese in steel is determined by changing it to permanganate ion. The steel is first dissolved in nitric acid, producing Mn2 ions. These ions are then oxidized to the deeply colored MnO4 ions by periodate ion (IO4 ) in acid solution. a. Complete and balance an equation describing each of the above reactions. b. Calculate and G at 25C for each reaction.

Calculate the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from the galvanic cells at standard conditions in Exercise 43

Calculate the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from the galvanic cells at standard conditions in Exercise 44

Estimate for the half-reaction given the following values of Gf: Compare this value of with the value of given in Table 18.1.

The equation also can be applied to halfreactions. Use standard reduction potentials to estimate Gf for Fe2(aq) and Fe3(aq). (Gf for e  0.) 5

Using data from Table 18.1, place the following in order of increasing strength as oxidizing agents (all under standard conditions)

Using data from Table 18.1, place the following in order of increasing strength as reducing agents (all under standard conditions). Cu, F, H, H2O, I2, K C

Answer the following questions using data from Table 18.1 (all under standard conditions). a. Is H(aq) capable of oxidizing Cu(s) to Cu2(aq)? b. Is Fe3(aq) capable of oxidizing I(aq)? c. Is H2(g) capable of reducing Ag(aq)? 56.

Answer the following questions using data from Table 18.1 (all under standard conditions). a. Is H2(g) capable of reducing Ni2(aq)? b. Is Fe2(aq) capable of reducing VO2 (aq)? c. Is Fe2(aq) capable of reducing Cr3(aq) to Cr2(aq)? 57.

Consider only the species (at standard conditions) in answering the following questions. Give reasons for your answers. (Use data from Table 18.1.) a. Which is the strongest oxidizing agent? b. Which is the strongest reducing agent? c. Which species can be oxidized by SO4 2(aq) in acid? d. Which species can be reduced by Al(s)?

Consider only the species (at standard conditions) in answering the following questions. Give reasons for your answers. a. Which is the strongest oxidizing agent? b. Which is the strongest reducing agent? c. Which species can be oxidized by MnO4 in acid? d. Which species can be reduced by Zn(s)?

Use the table of standard reduction potentials (Table 18.1) to pick a reagent that is capable of each of the following oxidations (under standard conditions in acidic solution). a. oxidize Br to Br2 but not oxidize Cl to Cl2 b. oxidize Mn to Mn2 but not oxidize Ni to Ni2 60

Use the table of standard reduction potentials (Table 18.1) to pick a reagent that is capable of each of the following reductions (under standard conditions in acidic solution). a. reduce Cu2 to Cu but not reduce Cu2 to Cu b. reduce Br2 to Br but not reduce I2 to I 61.

Hydrazine is somewhat toxic. Use the half-reactions shown below to explain why household bleach (a highly alkaline solution of sodium hypochlorite) should not be mixed with household ammonia or glass cleansers that contain ammonia.

The compound with the formula TlI3 is a black solid. Given the following standard reduction potentials, would you formulate this compound as thallium(III) iodide or thallium(I) triiodide?

A galvanic cell is based on the following half-reactions at 25C: Predict whether is larger or smaller than for the following cases. a. [Ag]  1.0 M, [H2O2]  2.0 M, [H]  2.0 M b. [Ag]  2.0 M, [H2O2]  1.0 M, [H]  1.0  107 M 64.

Consider the concentration cell in Fig. 18.10. If the Fe2 concentration in the right compartment is changed from 0.1 M to 1  107 M Fe2, predict the direction of electron flow, and designate the anode and cathode compartments. 6

Consider the concentration cell shown below. Calculate the cell potential at 25C when the concentration of Ag in the compartment on the right is the following. a. 1.0 M b. 2.0 M c. 0.10 M d. 4.0  105 M e. Calculate the potential when both solutions are 0.10 M in Ag. For each case, also identify the cathode, the anode, and the direction in which electrons flow. e

Consider a concentration cell similar to the one shown in Exercise 65, except that both electrodes are made of Ni and in the left-hand compartment [Ni2]  1.0 M. Calculate the cell potential at 25C when the concentration of Ni2 in the compartment on the right has each of the following values. a. 1.0 M b. 2.0 M c. 0.10 M d. 4.0  105 M e. Calculate the potential when both solutions are 2.5 M in Ni2. For each case, also identify the cathode, anode, and the direction in which electrons flow. 67

The overall reaction in the lead storage battery is Calculate at 25C for this battery when [H2SO4]  4.5 M, that is, [H]  [HSO4 ]  4.5 M. At 25C, for the lead storage battery.

Calculate the pH of the cathode compartment for the following reaction given ecell  3.01 V when [Cr3]  0.15 M, [Al3]  0.30 M, and [Cr2O7 2]  0.55 M. 6

Consider the cell described below: Calculate the cell potential after the reaction has operated long enough for the [Zn2] to have changed by 0.20 mol/L. (Assume T  25C.)

Consider the cell described below: Calculate the cell potential after the reaction has operated long enough for the [Al3] to have changed by 0.60 mol/L. (Assume T  25C.)

Calculate G and K at 25C for the reactions in Exercises 35 and 39.

Calculate G and K at 25C for the reactions in Exercises 36 and 40

Consider the galvanic cell based on the following half-reactions: a. Determine the overall cell reaction and calculate e cell. b. Calculate G and K for the cell reaction at 25C. c. Calculate ecell at 25C when [Zn2]  0.10 M and [Fe2]  1.0  105 M. 7

Consider the galvanic cell based on the following half-reactions: a. Determine the overall cell reaction and calculate e cell. b. Calculate G and K for the cell reaction at 25C. c. Calculate ecell at 25C when [Au3]  1.0  102 M and [Tl]  1.0  104 M. 75

An electrochemical cell consists of a standard hydrogen electrode and a copper metal electrode. a. What is the potential of the cell at 25C if the copper electrode is placed in a solution in which [Cu2]  2.5  104 M? b. The copper electrode is placed in a solution of unknown [Cu2]. The measured potential at 25C is 0.195 V. What is [Cu2]? (Assume Cu2 is reduced.) 76.

An electrochemical cell consists of a nickel metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Ni2]  1.0 M separated by a porous disk from an aluminum metal electrode. a. What is the potential of this cell at 25C if the aluminum electrode is placed in a solution in which [Al3]  7.2  103 M? b. When the aluminum electrode is placed in a certain solution in which [Al3] is unknown, the measured cell potential at 25C is 1.62 V. Calculate [Al3] in the unknown solution. (Assume Al is oxidized.) Tl

An electrochemical cell consists of a standard hydrogen electrode and a copper metal electrode. If the copper electrode is placed in a solution of 0.10 M NaOH that is saturated with Cu(OH)2, what is the cell potential at 25C? [For Cu(OH)2, Ksp  1.6  1019.]

An electrochemical cell consists of a nickel metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Ni2]  1.0 M separated by a porous disk from an aluminum metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Al3]  1.0 M. Sodium hydroxide is added to the aluminum compartment, causing Al(OH)3(s) to precipitate. After precipitation of Al(OH)3 has ceased, the concentration of OH is 1.0  104 M and the measured cell potential is 1.82 V. Calculate the Ksp value for Al(OH)3. 79

Consider a concentration cell that has both electrodes made of some metal M. Solution A in one compartment of the cell contains 1.0 M M2. Solution B in the other cell compartment has a volume of 1.00 L. At the beginning of the experiment 0.0100 mol M(NO3)2 and 0.0100 mol Na2SO4 are dissolved in solution B (ignore volume changes), where the reaction occurs. For this reaction equilibrium is rapidly established, whereupon the cell potential is found to be 0.44 V at 25C. Assume that the process has a standard reduction potential of 0.31 V and that no other redox process occurs in the cell. Calculate the value of Ksp for MSO4(s) at 25C. 8

You have a concentration cell in which the cathode has a silver electrode with 0.10 M Ag. The anode also has a silver electrode with Ag(aq), 0.050 M S2O3 2, and 1.0  103 M Ag(S2O3)2 3. You read the voltage to be 0.76 V. a. Calculate the concentration of Ag at the anode. b. Determine the value of the equilibrium constant for the formation of Ag(S2O3)2 3. 81. U

Under standard conditions, what reaction occurs, if any, when each of the following operations is performed? a. Crystals of I2 are added to a solution of NaCl. b. Cl2 gas is bubbled into a solution of NaI. c. A silver wire is placed in a solution of CuCl2. d. An acidic solution of FeSO4 is exposed to air. For the reactions that occur, write a balanced equation and calculate e, G, and K at 25C.

A disproportionation reaction involves a substance that acts as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent, producing higher and lower oxidation states of the same element in the products. Which of the following disproportionation reactions are spontaneous under standard conditions? Calculate G and K at 25C for those reactions that are spontaneous under standard conditions. a. b. c. HClO21aq2 S ClO3 1aq2 HClO1aq2 1unbalanced2 3Fe21aq2 S 2Fe31aq2 Fe1s2 2Cu1aq2 S Cu21aq2 Cu1s2 Ag1aq2 Use the half-reactions:

Consider the following galvanic cell at 25C: The overall reaction and equilibrium constant value are Calculate the cell potential, e, for this galvanic cell and G for the cell reaction at these conditions

An electrochemical cell consists of a silver metal electrode immersed in a solution with [Ag]  1.0 M separated by a porous disk from a copper metal electrode. If the copper electrode is placed in a solution of 5.0 M NH3 that is also 0.010 M in Cu(NH3)4 2, what is the cell potential at 25C?

Calculate Ksp for iron(II) sulfide given the following data:

For the following half-reaction, : Using data from Table 18.1, calculate the equilibrium constant at 25C for the reaction

Calculate e for the following half-reaction: (Hint: Reference the Ksp value for AgI and the standard reduction potential for Ag.)

The solubility product for CuI(s) is 1.1  1012. Calculate the value of e for the half-reaction

How long will it take to plate out each of the following with a current of 100.0 A? a. 1.0 kg Al from aqueous Al3 b. 1.0 g Ni from aqueous Ni2 c. 5.0 mol Ag from aqueous Ag 90

The electrolysis of BiO produces pure bismuth. How long would it take to produce 10.0 g Bi by the electrolysis of a BiO solution using a current of 25.0 A?

What mass of each of the following substances can be produced in 1.0 h with a current of 15 A?a. Co from aqueous Co2 b. Hf from aqueous Hf 4 c. I2 from aqueous KI d. Cr from molten CrO3

Aluminum is produced commercially by the electrolysis of Al2O3 in the presence of a molten salt. If a plant has a continuous capacity of 1.00 million A, what mass of aluminum can be produced in 2.00 h?

An unknown metal M is electrolyzed. It took 74.1 s for a current of 2.00 A to plate out 0.107 g of the metal from a solution containing M(NO3)3. Identify the metal

Electrolysis of an alkaline earth metal chloride using a current of 5.00 A for 748 s deposits 0.471 g of metal at the cathode. What is the identity of the alkaline earth metal chloride?

What volume of F2 gas, at 25C and 1.00 atm, is produced when molten KF is electrolyzed by a current of 10.0 A for 2.00 h? What mass of potassium metal is produced? At which electrode does each reaction occur?

What volumes of H2(g) and O2(g) at STP are produced from the electrolysis of water by a current of 2.50 A in 15.0 min?

A single HallHeroult cell (as shown in Fig. 18.22) produces about 1 ton of aluminum in 24 h. What current must be used to accomplish this?

A factory wants to produce 1.00  103 kg barium from the electrolysis of molten barium chloride. What current must be applied for 4.00 h to accomplish this?

It took 2.30 min using a current of 2.00 A to plate out all the silver from 0.250 L of a solution containing Ag. What was the original concentration of Ag in the solution?

A solution containing Pt4 is electrolyzed with a current of 4.00 A. How long will it take to plate out 99% of the platinum in 0.50 L of a 0.010 M solution of Pt4?

A solution at 25C contains 1.0 M Cd2, 1.0 M Ag, 1.0 M Au3, and 1.0 M Ni2 in the cathode compartment of an electrolytic cell. Predict the order in which the metals will plate out as the voltage is gradually increased. 10

Consider the following half-reactions: A hydrochloric acid solution contains platinum, palladium, and iridium as chloro-complex ions. The solution is a constant 1.0 M in chloride ion and 0.020 M in each complex ion. Is it feasible to separate the three metals from this solution by electrolysis? (Assume that 99% of a metal must be plated out before another metal begins to plate out.)

What reactions take place at the cathode and the anode when each of the following is electrolyzed? a. molten NiBr2 b. molten AlF3 c. molten MnI2

What reaction will take place at the cathode and the anode when each of the following is electrolyzed? a. molten KF b. molten CuCl2 c. molten MgI2

What reactions take place at the cathode and the anode when each of the following is electrolyzed? (Assume standard conditions.) a. 1.0 M NiBr2 solution b. 1.0 M AlF3 solution c. 1.0 M MnI2 solution

What reaction will take place at the cathode and the anode when each of the following is electrolyzed? (Assume standard conditions.) a. 1.0 M KF solution b. 1.0 M CuCl2 solution c. 1.0 M MgI2 solution

The blood alcohol (C2H5OH) level can be determined by titrating a sample of blood plasma with an acidic potassium dichromate solution, resulting in the production of Cr3(aq) and carbon dioxide. The reaction can be monitored because the dichromate ion (Cr2O7 2) is orange in solution, and the Cr3 ion is green. The unbalanced redox equation is If 31.05 mL of 0.0600 M potassium dichromate solution is required to titrate 30.0 g blood plasma, determine the mass percent of alcohol in the blood. 1

Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have shown some promise as a viable option for providing green energy to small electrical devices. Calculate e for the reaction that takes place in DMFCs: Use values of Gf from Appendix 4

A fuel cell designed to react grain alcohol with oxygen has the following net reaction: The maximum work that 1 mole of alcohol can do is 1.32  103 kJ. What is the theoretical maximum voltage this cell can achieve at 25C?

Nerve impulses are electrical signals that pass through neurons in the body. The electrical potential is created by the differences in the concentration of Na and K ions across the nerve cell membrane. We can think about this potential as being caused by a concentration gradient, similar to what we see in a concentration cell (keep in mind that this is a very simple explanation of how nerves work; there is much more involved in the true biologic process). A typical nerve cell has a resting potential of about 70 mV. Lets assume that this resting potential is due only to the K ion concentration difference. In nerve cells, the K concentration inside the cell is larger than the K concentration outside the cell. Calculate the K ion concentration ratio necessary to produce a resting potential of 70. mV. 111. G

Glucose is the major fuel for most living cells. The oxidative breakdown of glucose by our body to produce energy is called respiration. The reaction for the complete combustion of glucose is If this combustion reaction could be harnessed as a fuel cell, calculate the theoretical voltage that could be produced at standard conditions. (Hint: Use Gf  values from Appendix 4.)

The ultimate electron acceptor in the respiration process is molecular oxygen. Electron transfer through the respiratory chain takes place through a complex series of oxidationreduction reactions. Some of the electron transport steps use iron-containing proteins called cytochromes. All cytochromes transport electrons by converting the iron in the cytochromes from the 3 to the 2 oxidation state. Consider the following reduction potentials for three different cytochromes used in the transfer process of electrons to oxygen (the potentials have been corrected for pH and for temperature): In the electron transfer series, electrons are transferred from one cytochrome to another. Using this information, determine the cytochrome order necessary for spontaneous transport of electrons from one cytochrome to another, which eventually will lead to electron transfer to O2.

One of the few industrial-scale processes that produce organic compounds electrochemically is used by the Monsanto Company to produce 1,4-dicyanobutane. The reduction reaction is The NCO(CH2)4OCN is then chemically reduced using hydrogen gas to H2NO(CH2)6ONH2, which is used in the production of nylon. What current must be used to produce 150. kg NCO(CH2)4OCN per hour?

Mercury is a toxic substance, and specifically hazardous when it is present in the 1 or 2 oxidation states. However, the American Dental Association has determined that dental fillings composed of elemental mercury pose minimal health risks, even if the filling is swallowed. Use Table 18.1 to propose a possible explanation for this apparent contradiction.

The saturated calomel electrode, abbreviated SCE, is often used as a reference electrode in making electrochemical measurements. The SCE is composed of mercury in contact with a saturated solution of calomel (Hg2Cl2). The electrolyte solution is saturated KCl. eSCE is 0.242 V relative to the standard hydrogen electrode. Calculate the potential for each of the following galvanic cells containing a saturated calomel electrode and the given half-cell components at standard conditions. In each case, indicate whether the SCE is the cathode or the anode. Standard reduction potentials are found in Table 18.1. a. d. b. e. c. AgCl e Ag Cl Ni2 2e Fe Ni 3 e Fe2 Al3 3e Cu Al 2 2e Cu 2C

Consider the following half-reactions: Explain why platinum metal will dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids) but not in either concentrated nitric or concentrated hydrochloric acid individually

Consider the standard galvanic cell based on the following halfreactions: The electrodes in this cell are Ag(s) and Cu(s). Does the cell potential increase, decrease, or remain the same when the following changes occur to the standard cell? a. CuSO4(s) is added to the copper half-cell compartment (assume no volume change). b. NH3(aq) is added to the copper half-cell compartment. [Hint: Cu2 reacts with NH3 to form Cu(NH3)4 2(aq).] c. NaCl(s) is added to the silver half-cell compartment. [Hint: Ag reacts with Cl to form AgCl(s).] d. Water is added to both half-cell compartments until the volume of solution is doubled. e. The silver electrode is replaced with a platinum electrode. 11

A standard galvanic cell is constructed so that the overall cell reaction is where M is an unknown metal. If G411 kJ for the overall cell reaction, identify the metal used to construct the standard cell.

The black silver sulfide discoloration of silverware can be removed by heating the silver article in a sodium carbonate solution in an aluminum pan. The reaction is a. Using data in Appendix 4, calculate G, K, and e for the above reaction at 25C. (For Al3(aq), Gf  480. kJ/mol.) b. Calculate the value of the standard reduction potential for the following half-reaction:

In 1973 the wreckage of the Civil War ironclad USS Monitor was discovered near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. [The Monitor and the CSS Virginia (formerly the USS Merrimack) fought the first battle between iron-armored ships.] In 1987 investigations were begun to see if the ship could be salvaged. It was reported in Time (June 22, 1987) that scientists were considering adding sacrificial anodes of zinc to the rapidly corroding metal hull of the Monitor. Describe how attaching zinc to the hull would protect the Monitor from further corrosion.

When aluminum foil is placed in hydrochloric acid, nothing happens for the first 30 seconds or so. This is followed by vigorous bubbling and the eventual disappearance of the foil. Explain these observations.

Which of the following statements concerning corrosion is/are true? For the false statements, correct them. a. Corrosion is an example of an electrolytic process. b. Corrosion of steel involves the reduction of iron coupled with the oxidation of oxygen. c. Steel rusts more easily in the dry (arid) Southwest states than in the humid Midwest states. d. Salting roads in the winter has the added benefit of hindering the corrosion of steel. e. The key to cathodic protection is to connect via a wire a metal more easily oxidized than iron to the steel surface to be protected.

A patent attorney has asked for your advice concerning the merits of a patent application that describes a single aqueous galvanic cell capable of producing a 12-V potential. Comment.

The overall reaction and equilibrium constant value for a hydrogenoxygen fuel cell at 298 K is a. Calculate e and G at 298 K for the fuel cell reaction. b. Predict the signs of H and S for the fuel cell reaction. c. As temperature increases, does the maximum amount of work obtained from the fuel cell reaction increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain.

What is the maximum work that can be obtained from a hydrogenoxygen fuel cell at standard conditions that produces 1.00 kg water at 25C? Why do we say that this is the maximum work that can be obtained? What are the advantages and disadvantages in using fuel cells rather than the corresponding combustion reactions to produce electricity?

The overall reaction and standard cell potential at 25C for the rechargeable nickelcadmium alkaline battery is For every mole of Cd consumed in the cell, what is the maximum useful work that can be obtained at standard conditions?

An experimental fuel cell has been designed that uses carbon monoxide as fuel. The overall reaction is The two half-cell reactions are The two half-reactions are carried out in separate compartments connected with a solid mixture of CeO2 and Gd2O3. Oxide ions can move through this solid at high temperatures (about 800C). G for the overall reaction at 800C under certain concentration conditions is 380 kJ. Calculate the cell potential for this fuel cell at the same temperature and concentration conditions.

It took 150. s for a current of 1.25 A to plate out 0.109 g of a metal from a solution containing its cations. Show that it is not possible for the cations to have a charge of 1.

Gold is produced electrochemically from an aqueous solution of Au(CN)2 containing an excess of CN. Gold metal and oxygen gas are produced at the electrodes. What amount (moles) of O2 will be produced during the production of 1.00 mol gold?

In the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution, what volume of H2(g) is produced in the same time it takes to produce 257 L Cl2(g), with both volumes measured at 50.C and 2.50 atm?

An aqueous solution of an unknown salt of ruthenium is electrolyzed by a current of 2.50 A passing for 50.0 min. If 2.618 g Ru is produced at the cathode, what is the charge on the ruthenium ions in solution?

It takes 15 kWh (kilowatt-hours) of electrical energy to produce 1.0 kg aluminum metal from aluminum oxide by the Hall Heroult process. Compare this to the amount of energy necessary to melt 1.0 kg aluminum metal. Why is it economically feasible to recycle aluminum cans? [The enthalpy of fusion for aluminum metal is 10.7 kJ/mol (1 watt  1 J/s).]

a. In the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of Na2SO4, what reactions occur at the anode and the cathode (assuming standard conditions)?

b. When water containing a small amount (~0.01 M) of sodium sulfate is electrolyzed, measurement of the volume of gases generated consistently gives a result that the volume ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is not quite 2:1. To what do you attribute this discrepancy? Predict whether the measured ratio is greater than or less than 2:1. (Hint: Consider overvoltage.)

Balance the following equations by the half-reaction method.

Combine the equations to derive an expression for e as a function of temperature. Describe how one can graphically determine H and S from measurements of e at different temperatures, assuming that H and S do not depend on temperature. What property would you look for in designing a reference half-cell that would produce a potential relatively stable with respect to temperature?

The overall reaction in the lead storage battery is a. For the cell reaction H315.9 kJ and S  263.5 J/K. Calculate e at 20.C. Assume H and S do not depend on temperature. b. Calculate e at 20.C when [HSO4 ]  [H]  4.5 M. c. Consider your answer to Exercise 67. Why does it seem that batteries fail more often on cold days than on warm days? 137

Consider the following galvanic cell: Calculate the Ksp value for Ag2SO4(s). Note that to obtain silver ions in the right compartment (the cathode compartment), excess solid Ag2SO4 was added and some of the salt dissolved.

A zinccopper battery is constructed as follows at 25C: The mass of each electrode is 200. g. a. Calculate the cell potential when this battery is first connected. b. Calculate the cell potential after 10.0 A of current has flowed for 10.0 h. (Assume each half-cell contains 1.00 L of solution.) c. Calculate the mass of each electrode after 10.0 h. d. How long can this battery deliver a current of 10.0 A before it goes dead?

A galvanic cell is based on the following half-reactions: where the iron compartment contains an iron electrode and [Fe2]  1.00  103 M and the hydrogen compartment contains a platinum electrode, atm, and a weak acid, HA, at an initial concentration of 1.00 M. If the observed cell potential is 0.333 V at 25C, calculate the Ka value for the weak acid HA.

Consider a cell based on the following half-reactions: a. Draw this cell under standard conditions, labeling the anode, the cathode, the direction of electron flow, and the concentrations, as appropriate.b. When enough NaCl(s) is added to the compartment containing gold to make the [Cl]  0.10 M, the cell potential is observed to be 0.31 V. Assume that Au3 is reduced and assume that the reaction in the compartment containing gold is Calculate the value of K for this reaction at 25C.

The measurement of pH using a glass electrode obeys the Nernst equation. The typical response of a pH meter at 25.00C is given by the equation where eref contains the potential of the reference electrode and all other potentials that arise in the cell that are not related to the hydrogen ion concentration. Assume that eref  0.250 V and that emeas  0.480 V. a. What is the uncertainty in the values of pH and [H] if the uncertainty in the measured potential is 1 mV ( 0.001 V)? b. To what precision must the potential be measured for the uncertainty in pH to be 0.02 pH unit?

Zirconium is one of the few metals that retains its structural integrity upon exposure to radiation. For this reason, the fuel rods in most nuclear reactors are made of zirconium. Answer the following questions about the redox properties of zirconium based on the half-reaction a. Is zirconium metal capable of reducing water to form hydrogen gas at standard conditions? b. Write a balanced equation for the reduction of water by zirconium metal. c. Calculate e, G, and K for the reduction of water by zirconium metal. d. The reduction of water by zirconium occurred during the accident at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania, in 1979. The hydrogen produced was successfully vented and no chemical explosion occurred. If 1.00  103 kg Zr reacts, what mass of H2 is produced? What volume of H2 at 1.0 atm and 1000.C is produced? e. At Chernobyl, USSR, in 1986, hydrogen was produced by the reaction of superheated steam with the graphite reactor core: A chemical explosion involving the hydrogen gas did occur at Chernobyl. In light of this fact, do you think it was a correct decision to vent the hydrogen and other radioactive gases into the atmosphere at Three Mile Island? Explain

A galvanic cell is based on the following half-reactions: In this cell, the silver compartment contains a silver electrode and excess AgCl(s) (Ksp  1.6  1010), and the copper compartment contains a copper electrode and [Cu2]  2.0 M. a. Calculate the potential for this cell at 25C. b. Assuming 1.0 L of 2.0 M Cu2 in the copper compartment, calculate the moles of NH3 that would have to be added to give a cell potential of 0.52 V at 25C (assume no volume change on addition of NH3).

Given the following two standard reduction potentials, solve for the standard reduction potential of the half-reaction (Hint: You must use the extensive property G to determine the standard reduction potential.)

You make a galvanic cell with a piece of nickel, 1.0 M Ni2(aq), a piece of silver, and 1.0 M Ag(aq). Calculate the concentrations of Ag(aq) and Ni2(aq) once the cell is dead. 14

A chemist wishes to determine the concentration of CrO4 2 electrochemically. A cell is constructed consisting of a saturated calomel electrode (SCE; see Exercise 115) and a silver wire coated with Ag2CrO4. The e value for the following halfreaction is 0.446 V relative to the standard hydrogen electrode: a. Calculate ecell and G at 25C for the cell reaction when [CrO4 2]  1.00 mol/L. b. Write the Nernst equation for the cell. Assume that the SCE concentrations are constant. c. If the coated silver wire is placed in a solution (at 25C) in which [CrO4 2]  1.00  105 M, what is the expected cell potential? d. The measured cell potential at 25C is 0.504 V when the coated wire is dipped into a solution of unknown [CrO4 2]. What is [CrO4 2] for this solution? e. Using data from this problem and from Table 18.1, calculate the solubility product (Ksp) for Ag2CrO4. 147.

Consider the following galvanic cell: A 15.0mol sample of NH3 is added to the Ag compartment (assume 1.00 L of total solution after the addition). The silver ion reacts with ammonia to form complex ions as shown: Calculate the cell potential after the addition of 15.0 mol NH3.

When copper reacts with nitric acid, a mixture of NO(g) and NO2(g) is evolved. The volume ratio of the two product gases depends on the concentration of the nitric acid according to the equilibrium Consider the following standard reduction potentials at 25C: a. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the above reaction. b. What concentration of nitric acid will produce a NO and NO2 mixture with only 0.20% NO2 (by moles) at 25C and 1.00 atm? Assume that no other gases are present and that the change in acid concentration can be neglected.

The following standard reduction potentials have been determined for the aqueous chemistry of indium: a. What is the equilibrium constant for the disproportionation reaction, where a species is both oxidized and reduced, shown below? b. What is Gf for In(aq) if Gf  97.9 kJ/mol for In3(aq)? 1

An electrochemical cell is set up using the following unbalanced reaction: The standard reduction potentials are: The cell contains 0.10 M N2 and produces a voltage of 0.180 V. If the concentration of Ma is such that the value of the reaction quotient Q is 9.32  103 , calculate [Ma]. Calculate wmax for this electrochemical cell. N

Three electrochemical cells were connected in series so that the same quantity of electrical current passes through all three cells. In the first cell, 1.15 g chromium metal was deposited from a chromium(III) nitrate solution. In the second cell, 3.15 g osmium was deposited from a solution made of Osn and nitrate ions. What is the name of the salt? In the third cell, the electrical charge passed through a solution containing X2 ions caused deposition of 2.11 g metallic X. What is the electron configuration of X?

A galvanic cell is based on the following half-reactions: In this cell, the copper compartment contains a copper electrode and [Cu2]  1.00 M, and the vanadium compartment contains a vanadium electrode and V2 at an unknown concentration. The compartment containing the vanadium (1.00 L of solution) was titrated with 0.0800 M H2EDTA2, resulting in the reaction The potential of the cell was monitored to determine the stoichiometric point for the process, which occurred at a volume of 500.0 mL H2EDTA2 solution added. At the stoichiometric point, ecell was observed to be 1.98 V. The solution was buffered at a pH of 10.00. a. Calculate ecell before the titration was carried out. b. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, K, for the titration reaction. c. Calculate ecell at the halfway point in the titration. 1

The table below lists the cell potentials for the 10 possible galvanic cells assembled from the metals A, B, C, D, and E, and their respective 1.00 M 2 ions in solution. Using the data in the table, establish a standard reduction potential table similar to Table 18.1 in the text. Assign a reduction potential of 0.00 V to the halfreaction that falls in the middle of the series. You should get two different tables. Explain why, and discuss what you could do to determine which table is correct.