A soprano and a bass are singing a duet. While the soprano

Problem 1DQ When sound travels from air into water, does the frequency of the wave change? The speed? The wavelength? Explain your reasoning.

Problem 2DQ The hero of a western movie listens for an oncoming train by putting his ear to the track. Why does this method give an earlier warning of the approach of a train than just listening in the usual way?

Problem 84CP CP ?Longitudinal Waves on a Spring. A long spring such as a Slinky™ is often used to demonstrate longitudinal waves. (a) Show that if a spring that obeys Hooke’s law has mass m, length L, and force constant k’, the speed of longitudinal waves on the spring is (see Section 16.2). (b) Evaluate v for a spring with m = 0.250 kg, L = 2.00 m, and k’ = 1.50 N/m.

Problem 1E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Example 16.1 (Section 16.1) showed that for sound waves in air with frequency 1000 Hz, a displacement amplitude of 1.2 X 10-8 m produces a pressure amplitude of 3.0 X 10-2 Pa. (a) What is the wavelength of these waves? (b) For 1000-Hz waves in air, what displacement amplitude would be needed for the pressure amplitude to be at the pain threshold, which is 30 Pa? (c) For what wavelength and frequency will waves with a displacement amplitude of 1.2 X 10-8 m produce a pressure amplitude of 1.5 X 10-3 Pa?

Problem 2E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Example 16.1 (Section 16.1) showed that for sound waves in air with frequency 1000 Hz, a displacement amplitude of 1.2 X 10-8 m produces a pressure amplitude of 3.0 X 10-2 Pa. Water at 20o C has a bulk modulus of 2.2 X 109 Pa, and the speed of sound in water at this temperature is 1480 m/s. For 1000-Hz sound waves in 20o C water, what displacement amplitude is produced if the pressure amplitude is 3.0 X 10-2 Pa? Explain why your answer is much less than 1.2 X 10-8 m.

Problem 3E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Consider a sound wave in air that has displacement amplitude 0.0200 mm. Calculate the pressure amplitude for frequencies of (a) 150 Hz; (b) 1500 Hz; (c) 15,000 Hz. In each case compare the result to the pain threshold, which is 30 Pa.

Problem 3DQ Would you expect the pitch (or frequency) of an organ pipe to increase or decrease with increasing temperature? Explain.

Problem 4DQ In most modern wind instruments the pitch is changed by using keys or valves to change the length of the vibrating air column. The bugle, however, has no valves or keys, yet it can play many notes. How might this be possible? Are there restrictions on what notes a bugle can play?

Problem 5DQ Symphonic musicians always “warm up” their wind instruments by blowing into them before a performance. What purpose does this serve?

Problem 4E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. A loud factory machine produces sound having a displacement amplitude of 1.00 µm, but the frequency of this sound can be adjusted. In order to prevent ear damage to the workers, the maximum pressure amplitude of the sound waves is limited to 10.0 Pa. Under the conditions of this factory, the bulk modulus of air is 1.42 X 105 Pa. What is the highest-frequency sound to which this machine can be adjusted without exceeding the prescribed limit? Is this frequency audible to the workers?

Problem 5E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. BIO Ultrasound and Infrasound. (a) ?Whale communication. Blue whales apparently communicate with each other using sound of frequency 17 Hz, which can be heard nearly 1000 km away in the ocean. What is the wavelength of such a sound in seawater, where the speed of sound is 1531 m/s? (b) ?Dolphin clicks. One type of sound that dolphins emit is a sharp click of wavelength 1.5 cm in the ocean. What is the frequency of such clicks? (c) ?Dog whistles. One brand of dog whistles claims a frequency of 25 kHz for its product. What is the wavelength of this sound? (d) ?Bats?. While bats emit a wide variety of sounds, one type emits pulses of sound having a frequency between 39 kHz and 78 kHz. What is the range of wavelengths of this sound? (e) ?Sonograms. Ultrasound is used to view the interior of the body, much as x rays are utilized. For sharp imagery, the wavelength of the sound should be around one-fourth (or less) the size of the objects to be viewed. Approximately what frequency of sound is needed to produce a clear image of a tumor that is 1.0 mm across if the speed of sound in the tissue is 1550 m/s?

Problem 6DQ In a popular and amusing science demonstration, a person inhales helium and then his voice becomes high and squeaky. Why does this happen? (?Warning: Inhaling too much helium can cause unconsciousness or death.)

(a) In a liquid with density \(1300 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\), longitudinal waves with frequency 400 Hz are found to have wavelength 8.00 m. Calculate the bulk modulus of the liquid. (b) A metal bar with a length of 1.50 m has density \(6400 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). Longitudinal sound waves take \(3.90 \times 10^{-4}\) s to travel from one end of the bar to the other. What is Young’s modulus for this metal?

Problem 7DQ Lane dividers on highways sometimes have regularly spaced ridges or ripples. When the tires of a moving car roll along such a divider, a musical note is produced. Why? Explain how this phenomenon could be used to measure the car’s speed.

Problem 7E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. A submerged scuba diver hears the sound of a boat horn directly above her on the surface of the lake. At the same time, a friend on dry land 22.0 m from the boat also hears the horn (?Fig. E16.7?). The horn is 1.2 m above the surface of the water. What is the distance (labeled “?”) from the horn to the diver? Both air and water are at 20o C.

Problem 8DQ The tone quality of an acoustic guitar is different when the strings are plucked near the bridge (the lower end of the strings) than when they are plucked near the sound hole (close to the center of the strings). Why?

At a temperature of \(27.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), what is the speed of longitudinal waves in (a) hydrogen (molar mass \(2.02 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}\) ); (b) helium (molar mass \(4.00 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}\) ); (c) argon (molar mass \(39.9 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}\) )? See Table 19.1 for values of \(\gamma\). (d) Compare your answers for parts (a), (b), and (c) with the speed in air at the same temperature.

Problem 9DQ Which has a more direct influence on the loudness of a sound wave: the ?displacement amplitude or the ?pressure? amplitude? Explain.

Problem 9E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. An oscillator vibrating at 1250 Hz produces a sound wave that travels through an ideal gas at 325 m/s when the gas temperature is 22.0o C. For a certain experiment, you need to have the same oscillator produce sound of wavelength 28.5 cm in this gas. What should the gas temperature be to achieve this wavelength?

Problem 11DQ Does the sound intensity level ? obey the inverse-square law? Why?

Problem 10E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. CALC (a) Show that the fractional change in the speed of sound (dv/v) due to a very small temperature change dT is given by (?Hint: Start with Eq. 16.10.) (b) The speed of sound in air at 20o C is found to be 344 m/s. Use the result in part (a) to find the change in the speed of sound for a 1.0o C change in air temperature.

Problem 10DQ If the pressure amplitude of a sound wave is halved, by what factor does the intensity of the wave decrease? By what factor must the pressure amplitude of a sound wave be increased in order to increase the intensity by a factor of 16? Explain.

Problem 11E An 80.0-m-long brass rod is struck at one end. A person at the other end hears two sounds as a result of two longitudinal waves, one traveling in the metal rod and the other traveling in the air. What is the time interval between the two sounds? (The speed of sound in air is 344 m/s; relevant information about brass can he found in Table 11.1 and Table 12.1.)

Problem 12DQ A small fraction of the energy in a sound wave is absorbed by the air through which the sound passes. How does this modify the inverse-square relationship between intensity and distance from the source? Explain.

Problem 12E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. What must be the stress (F/A) in a stretched wire of a material whose Young’s modulus is Y for the speed of longitudinal waves to equal 30 times the speed of transverse waves?

Problem 13DQ A wire under tension and vibrating in its first overtone produces sound of wavelength ???. What is the new wavelength of the sound (in terms of ???) if the tension is doubled?

Problem 13E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. BIO Energy Delivered to the Ear. Sound is detected when a sound wave causes the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) to vibrate. Typically, the diameter of this membrane is about 8.4 mm in humans. (a) How much energy is delivered to the eardrum each second when someone whispers (20 dB) a secret in your ear? (b) To comprehend how sensitive the ear is to very small amounts of energy, calculate how fast a typical 2.0-mg mosquito would have to fly (in mm/s) to have this amount of kinetic energy.

Problem 14DQ A small metal band is slipped onto one of the tines of a tuning fork. As this band is moved closer and closer to the end of the tine, what effect does this have on the wavelength and frequency of the sound the tine produces? Why?

Problem 14E Use information from Table 16.2 to answer the following questions about sound in air. At 20°C the bulk modulus for air is 1.42 × 105 Pa and its density is 1.20 kg/m3. At this temperature, what are the pressure amplitude (in Pa and atm) and the displacement amplitude (in m and nm) (a) for the softest sound a person can normally hear at 1000 Hz and (b) for the sound from a riveter at the same frequency? (c) How much energy per second does each wave deliver to a square 5.00 mm on a side?

Problem 15DQ An organist in a cathedral plays a loud chord and then releases the keys. The sound persists for a few seconds and gradually dies away. Why does it persist? What happens to the sound energy when the sound dies away?

Problem 15E Longitudinal Waves in Different Fluids. (a) A longitudinal wave propagating in a water-filled pipe has intensity 3.00 × 10?6 W/m2 and frequency 3400 Hz. Find the amplitude ?A and wavelength ?? of the wave. Water has density 1000 kg/m3 and bulk modulus 2.18 × 109 Pa. (b) If the pipe is filled with air at pressure 1.00 × 105 Pa and density 1.20 kg/m3, what will be the amplitude A and wavelength A of a longitudinal wave with the same intensity and frequency as in part (a)? (c) In which fluid is the amplitude larger, water or air? What is the ratio of the two amplitudes? Why is this ratio so different from 1.00?

Problem 16DQ Two vibrating tuning forks have identical frequencies, but one is stationary and the other is mounted at the rim of a rotating platform. What does a listener hear? Explain.

Problem 17DQ A large church has part of the organ in the front of the church and part in the back. A person walking rapidly down the aisle while both segments are playing at once reports that the two segments sound out of tune. Why?

Problem 16E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. BIO Human Hearing. A fan at a rock concert is 30 m from the stage, and at this point the sound intensity level is 110 dB. (a) How much energy is transferred to her eardrums each second? (b) How fast would a 2.0-mg mosquito have to fly (in mm/s) to have this much kinetic energy? Compare the mosquito’s speed with that found for the whisper in part (a) of Exercise 16.13. 16.13 .. ?BIO Energy Delivered to the Ear. Sound is detected when a sound wave causes the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) to vibrate. Typically, the diameter of this membrane is about 8.4 mm in humans. (a) How much energy is delivered to the eardrum each second when someone whispers (20 dB) a secret in your ear? (b) To comprehend how sensitive the ear is to very small amounts of energy, calculate how fast a typical 2.0-mg mosquito would have to fly (in mm/s) to have this amount of kinetic energy.

Problem 17E A sound wave in air at 20°C has a frequency of 150 Hz and a displacement amplitude of 5.00 × 10?3 mm. For this sound wave calculate the (a) pressure amplitude (in Pa); (b) intensity (in w/m)2 (c) sound intensity level (in decibels).

Problem 18DQ A sound source and a listener are both at rest on the earth, but a strong wind is blowing from the source toward the listener. Is there a Doppler effect? Why or why not?

Problem 18E Problem Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. You live on a busy street, but as a music lover, you want to reduce the traffic noise. (a) If you install special sound-reflecting windows that reduce the sound intensity level (in dB) by 30 dB, by what fraction have you lowered the sound intensity (in W/m2)? (b) If, instead, you reduce the intensity by half, what change (in dB) do you make in the sound intensity level?

Problem 19E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. BIO For a person with normal hearing, the faintest sound that can be heard at a frequency of 400 Hz has a pressure amplitude of about 6.0 X 10-5 Pa. Calculate the (a) intensity; (b) sound intensity level; (c) displacement amplitude of this sound wave at 20o C.

Problem 19DQ Can you think of circumstances in which a Doppler effect would be observed for surface waves in water? For elastic waves propagating in a body of water deep below the surface? If so, describe the circumstances and explain your reasoning. If not, explain why not.

Problem 20DQ Stars other than our sun normally appear featureless when viewed through telescopes. Yet astronomers can readily use the light from these stars to determine that they are rotating and even measure the speed of their surface. How do you think they can do this?

Problem 20E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. The intensity due to a number of independent sound sources is the sum of the individual intensities. (a) When four quadruplets cry simultaneously, how many decibels greater is the sound intensity level than when a single one cries? (b) To increase the sound intensity level again by the same number of decibels as in part (a), how many more crying babies are required?

Problem 21E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. CP A baby’s mouth is 30 cm from her father’s ear and 1.50 m from her mother’s ear. What is the difference between the sound intensity levels heard by the father and by the mother?

Problem 22DQ In case 1, a source of sound approaches a stationary observer at speed u. In case 2, the observer moves toward the stationary source at the same speed u. If the source is always producing the same frequency sound, will the observer hear the same frequency in both cases, since the relative speed is the same each time? Why or why not?

Problem 21DQ If you wait at a railroad crossing as a train approaches and passes, you hear a Doppler shift in its sound. But if you listen closely, you hear that the change in frequency is continuous; it does not suddenly go from one high frequency to another low frequency. Instead the frequency ?smoothly (but rather quickly) changes from high to low as the train passes. Why does this smooth change occur?

Problem 22E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. The Sacramento City Council adopted a law to reduce the allowed sound intensity level of the much-despised leaf blowers from their current level of about 95 dB to 70 dB. With the new law, what is the ratio of the new allowed intensity to the previously allowed intensity?

Problem 23DQ Does an aircraft make a sonic boom only at the instant its speed exceeds Mach 1? Explain.

Problem 23E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. CP At point A , 3.0 m from a small source of sound that is emitting uniformly in all directions, the sound intensity level is 53 dB. (a) What is the intensity of the sound at A? (b) How far from the source must you go so that the intensity is one-fourth of what it was at A? (c) How far must you go so that the sound intensity level is one-fourth of what it was at A?

Problem 24DQ If you are riding in a supersonic aircraft, what do you hear? Explain. In particular, do you hear a continuous sonic boom? Why or why not?

Problem 24E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. (a) If two sounds differ by 5.00 dB, find the ratio of the intensity of the louder sound to that of the softer one. (b) If one sound is 100 times as intense as another, by how much do they differ in sound intensity level (in decibels)? (c) If you increase the volume of your stereo so that the intensity doubles, by how much does the sound intensity level increase?

Problem 25DQ A jet airplane is flying at a constant altitude at a steady speed v S greater than the speed of sound. Describe what observers at points A, B, and C hear at the instant shown in ?Fig. Q16.25,? when the shock wave has just reached point B. Explain.

Problem 25E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Standing sound waves are produced in a pipe that is 1.20 m long. For the fundamental and first two overtones, deter-mine the locations along the pipe (measured from the left end) of the displacement nodes and the pressure nodes if (a) the pipe is open at both ends and (b) the pipe is closed at the left end and open at the right end.

Problem 26E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. The fundamental frequency of a pipe that is open at both ends is 524 Hz. (a) How long is this pipe? If one end is now closed, find (b) the wavelength and (c) the frequency of the new fundamental.

Problem 27E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. BIO The Human Voice. ?The human vocal tract is a pipe that extends about 17 cm from the lips to the vocal folds (also called “vocal cords”) near the middle of your throat. The vocal folds behave rather like the reed of a clarinet, and the vocal tract acts like a stopped pipe. Estimate the first three standing-wave frequencies of the vocal tract. Use v = 344 m/s. (The answers are only an estimate, since the position of lips and tongue affects the motion of air in the vocal tract.)

Problem 29E A certain pipe produces a fundamental frequency of 262 Hz in air. (a) If Ihe pipe is filled with helium at the same temperature, what fundamental frequency does it produce? (The molar mass of air is 28.8 g/mol. and the molar mass of helium is 4.00 g/mol ) (b) Does your answer to part (a) depend on whether the pipe is open or slopped’’ Why or why not?

Problem 28E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. BIO The Vocal Tract. Many opera singers (and some pop singers) have a range of about octaves or even greater. Suppose a soprano’s range extends from A below middle C (frequency 220 Hz) up to E-flat above high C (frequency 1244 Hz). Although the vocal tract is quite complicated, we can model it as a resonating air column, like an organ pipe, that is open at the top and closed at the bottom. The column extends from the mouth down to the diaphragm in the chest cavity, and we can also assume that the lowest note is the fundamental. How long is this column of air if v = 354 m/s? Does your result seem reasonable, on the basis of observations of your own body?

You blow across the open mouth of an empty test tube and produce the fundamental standing wave of the air column inside the test tube. The speed of sound in air is 344 m / s and the test tube acts as a stopped pipe. (a) If the length of the air column in the test tube is 14.0 cm, what is the frequency of this standing wave? (b) What is the frequency of the fundamental standing wave in the air column if the test tube is half filled with water?

Problem 30E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Singing in the Shower. ?A pipe closed at both ends can have standing waves inside of it, but you normally don’t hear them because little of the sound can get out. But you ?can hear them if you are ?inside the pipe, such as someone singing in the shower. (a) Show that the wavelengths of standing waves in a pipe of length L that is closed at both ends are ?n = 2L/n and the frequencies are given by fn = nv/2L = nf1, where n = 1, 2, 3, …. (b) Modeling it as a pipe, find the frequency of the fundamental and the first two overtones for a shower 2.50 m tall. Are these frequencies audible?

Problem 32E You have a stopped pipe of adjustable length close to a taut 85.0-cm, 7.25-g wire under a tension of 4110 N. You want to adjust the length of the pipe so that, when it produces sound at its fundamental frequency, this sound causes the wire to vibrate in its second overtone with very large amplitude. How long should the pipe be?

Problem 33E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Two loudspeakers, A and B (?Fig. E16.35?), are driven by the same amplifier and emit sinusoidal waves in phase. Speaker B is 2.00 m to the right of speaker A. Consider point Q along the extension of the line connecting the speakers, 1.00 m to the right of speaker B. Both speakers emit sound waves that travel directly from the speaker to point Q. What is the lowest frequency for which (a) constructive interference occurs at point Q; (b) destructive interference occurs at point Q?

Problem 35E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Two loudspeakers, A and B, are driven by the same amplifier and emit sinusoidal waves in phase. Speaker B is 12.0 m to the right of speaker A. The frequency of the waves emitted by each speaker is 688 Hz. You are standing between the speakers, along the line connecting them, and are at a point of constructive interference. How far must you walk toward speaker B to move to a point of destructive interference?

Problem 36E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Two loudspeakers, A and B, are driven by the same amplifier and emit sinusoidal waves in phase. The frequency of the waves emitted by each speaker is 172 Hz. You are 8.00 m from A. What is the closest you can be to B and be at a point of destructive interference?

Problem 34E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Two loudspeakers, A and B (see Fig. E16.35), are driven by the same amplifier and emit sinusoidal waves in phase. Speaker B is 2.00 m to the right of speaker A. The frequency of the sound waves produced by the loudspeakers is 206 Hz. Consider a point P between the speakers and along the line connecting them, a distance x to the right of A . Both speakers emit sound waves that travel directly from the speaker to point P. For what values of x will (a) ?destructive interference occur at P; (b) ?constructive interference occur at P? (c) Interference effects like those in parts (a) and (b) are almost never a factor in listening to home stereo equipment. Why not?

Two loudspeakers, A and B, are driven by the same amplifier and emit sinusoidal waves in phase. The frequency of the waves emitted by each speaker is 860 Hz. Point P is 12.0 m from A and 13.4 m from B. Is the interference at P constructive or destructive? Give the reasoning behind your answer.

Problem 38E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Two small stereo speakers are driven in step by the same variable-frequency oscillator. Their sound is picked up by a microphone arranged as shown in ?Fig. E16.39?. For what frequencies does their sound at the speakers produce (a) constructive interference and (b) destructive interference?

Problem 39E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Tuning a Violin. A violinist is tuning her instrument to concert A (440 Hz). She plays the note while listening to an electronically generated tone of exactly that frequency and hears a beat frequency of 3 Hz, which increases to 4 Hz when she tightens her violin string slightly. (a) What was the frequency of the note played by her violin when she heard the 3-Hz beats? (b) To get her violin perfectly tuned to concert A, should she tighten or loosen her string from what it was when she heard the 3-Hz beats?

Problem 40E Two guitarists attempt to play the same note of wave-length 6.50 cm at the same time, but one of the instruments is slightly out of tune and plays a note of wavelength 6.52 cm instead. What is the frequency of the beat these musicians hear when they play together?

Problem 41E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Two organ pipes, open at one end but closed at the other, are each 1.14 m long. One is now lengthened by 2.00 cm. Find the beat frequency that they produce when playing together in their fundamentals.

Problem 42E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Adjusting Airplane Motors. The motors that drive airplane propellers are, in some cases, tuned by using beats. The whirring motor produces a sound wave having the same frequency as the propeller. (a) If one single-bladed propeller is turning at 575 rpm and you hear 2.0-Hz beats when you run the second propeller, what are the two possible frequencies (in rpm) of the second propeller? (b) Suppose you increase the speed of the second propeller slightly and find that the beat frequency changes to 2.1 Hz. In part (a), which of the two answers was the correct one for the frequency of the second single-bladed propeller? How do you know?

On the planet Arrakis a male ornithoid is flying toward his mate at 25.0 m/s while singing at a frequency of 1200 Hz. If the stationary female hears a tone of 1240 Hz, what is the speed of sound in the atmosphere of Arrakis?

Problem 44E In Example 16.18 (Section 16.8), suppose the police car is moving away from the warehouse at 20 m/s. What frequency does the driver of the police car hear reflected from the warehouse?

Problem 46E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. A railroad train is traveling at 25.0 m/s in still air. The frequency of the note emitted by the locomotive whistle is 400 Hz. What is the wavelength of the sound waves (a) in front of the locomotive and (b) behind the locomotive? What is the frequency of the sound heard by a stationary listener (c) in front of the loco-motive and (d) behind the locomotive?

Problem 45E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Two train whistles, A and B, each have a frequency of 392 Hz. A is stationary and B is moving toward the right (away from A) at a speed of 35.0 m/s. A listener is between the two whistles and is moving toward the right with a speed of 15.0 m/s (?Fig. E16.47?). No wind is blowing. (a) What is the frequency from A as heard by the listener? (b) What is the frequency from B as heard by the listener? (c) What is the beat frequency detected by the listener?

Problem 47E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. A swimming duck paddles the water with its feet once every 1.6 s, producing surface waves with this period. The duck is moving at constant speed in a pond where the speed of surface waves is 0.32 m/s, and the crests of the waves ahead of the duck are spaced 0.12 m apart. (a) What is the duck’s speed? (b) How far apart are the crests behind the duck?

Problem 48E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Moving Source vs. Moving Listener. (a) A sound source producing 1.00-kHz waves moves toward a stationary listener at one-half the speed of sound. What frequency will the listener hear? (b) Suppose instead that the source is stationary and the listener moves toward the source at one-half the speed of sound. What frequency does the listener hear? How does your answer compare to that in part (a)? Explain on physical grounds why the two answers differ.

Problem 49E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. A car alarm is emitting sound waves of frequency 520 Hz. You are on a motorcycle, traveling directly away from the parked car. How fast must you be traveling if you detect a frequency of 490 Hz?

Problem 50E A railroad train is traveling at 30.0 m/s in still air. The frequency of the note emitted by the train whistle is 262 Hz. What ? frequency is heard by a passenger on a train moving in the opposite direction to the first at 18.0 m/s and (a) approaching the first and (b) receding from the first?

Problem 51E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. Two swift canaries fly toward each other, each moving at 15.0 m/s relative to the ground, each warbling a note of frequency 1750 Hz. (a) What frequency note does each bird hear from the other one? (b) What wavelength will each canary measure for the note from the other one?

Problem 53E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. How fast (as a percentage of light speed) would a star have to be moving so that the frequency of the light we receive from it is 10.0% higher than the frequency of the light it is emit-ting? Would it be moving away from us or toward us? (Assume it is moving either directly away from us or directly toward us.)

The siren of a fire engine that is driving northward at 30.0 m/s emits a sound of frequency 2000 Hz. A truck in front of this fire engine is moving northward at 20.0 m/s. (a) What is the frequency of the siren’s sound that the fire engine’s driver hears reflected from the back of the truck? (b) What wavelength would this driver measure for these reflected sound waves?

Problem 55E A jet plane flies overhead at Mach 1.70 and at a constant altitude of 950 m. (a) What is the angle a of the shock-wave cone? (b) How much time after the plane passes directly overhead do you hear the sonic boom? Neglect the variation of the speed of sound with altitude.

Problem 54E Extrasolar planets?. In the not-too-distant future, it should be possible to detect the presence of planets moving around when stars by measuring the Doppler shift in the infrared light they emit. if a planet is going around its star at 50.00 KM/s While emit the infrared light of frequency 3.330×1014 Hz, What frequency light will be received from this planet when it is moving directly away from us? (?Note?: infrared light is light having wavelengths longer than those of visible light)

Problem 56E Unless indicated otherwise, assume the speed of sound in air to be v = 344 m/s. The shock-wave cone created by a space shuttle at one instant during its reentry into the atmosphere makes an angle of 58.0o with its direction of motion. The speed of sound at this altitude is 331 m/s. (a) What is the Mach number of the shuttle at this instant, and (b) how fast (in m/s and in mi/h) is it traveling relative to the atmosphere? (c) What would be its Mach number and the angle of its shock-wave cone if it flew at the same speed but at low altitude where the speed of sound is 344 m/s?

Problem 57P Two identical taut strings under the same tension ?F produce a note of the same fundamental frequency ?f?0. The tension in one of them is now increased by a very small amount ??F?. (a) If they are played together in their fundamental, show that the frequency of the beat produced is ?f?beat = ?f?0 (??F?/2?F?). (b) Two identical violin Strings, when in tune and stretched with the same tension, have a fundamental frequency of 440.0 Hz. one of the strings is retuned by increasing its tension. When this is done, 1.5 beats per second are heard when both strings are plucked simultaneously at their centers. By what percentage was the string tension changed?

Problem 59P A soprano and a bass are singing a duet. While the soprano sings an A-sharp at 932 Hz, the bass sings an A-sharp but three octaves lower. In this concert hall, the density of air is 1.20 kg/m and its bulk modulus is 1.42 X 105 Pa. In order for their notes to have the same sound intensity level, what must be (a) the ratio of the pressure amplitude of the bass to that of the soprano and (b) the ratio of the displacement amplitude of the bass to that of the soprano? (c) What displacement amplitude (in m and in nm) does the soprano produce to sing her A-sharp at 72.0 dB?

Problem 58P CALC ?(a) Defend the following statement: “In a sinusoidal sound wave, the pressure variation given by Eq. (16.4) is greatest where the displacement given by Eq. (16.1) is zero.” (b) For a sinusoidal sound wave given by Eq. (16.1) with amplitude A = 10.0?m and wavelength ? = 0.250 m graph the displacement ?y ?and pressure fluctuation ?p ?as functions of ?x ?at time t = 0 Show at least two wavelengths of the wave on your graphs. (c) The displacement ?y ?in a ?non?sinusoidal sound wave is shown in Fig. P16.58 as a function of ?x ?for . Draw a graph showing the pressure fluctuation ?p ?in this wave as a function of ?x at t = 0. This sound wave has the same 10.0-?,amplitude as the wave in part (b). Does it have the same pressure amplitude? Why or why not? (d) Is the statement in part (a) necessarily true if the sound wave is ?not ?sinusoidal? Explain your reasoning.

Problem 62P CP A uniform 165-N bar is supported horizontally by two identical wires A and B (?Fig. P16.62?). A small 185-N cube of lead is placed three-fourths of the way from A to B. The wires are each 75.0 cm long and have a mass of 5.50 g. If both of them are simultaneously plucked at the center, what is the frequency of the beats that they will produce when vibrating in their fundamental?

Problem 60P CP The sound from a trumpet radiates uniformly in all directions in 20o C air. At a distance of 5.00 m from the trumpet the sound intensity level is 52.0 dB. The frequency is 587 Hz. (a) What is the pressure amplitude at this distance? (b) What is the displacement amplitude? (c) At what distance is the sound intensity level 30.0 dB?

Problem 61P A Thermometer?. Suppose you have a tube of length L containing a gas whose temperature you want to take, but you cannot get inside the tube. one end is closed, and the other end is open but a small speaker producing sound of variable frequency is at that end. You gradually increase the frequency of the speaker until the sound from the tube first becomes very loud. With further increase of the frequency, the loudness decreases but then gets very loud again at still higher frequencies. Call fo the lowest frequency at which the sound is very loud. (a) Show that the absolute temperature of this gas is given by T = 16ML2f02/?R, where M is the molar mass of the gas, ? is the ratio of its heat capacities, and R is the ideal gas constant. (b) At what frequency above f0 will the sound from the tube next reach a maximum in loudness? (c) How could you determine the speed of sound in this tube at temperature T?

Problem 63P CP A person is playing a small flute 10.75 cm long, open at one end and closed at the other, near a taut string having a fundamental frequency of 600.0 Hz. If the speed of sound is 344.0 m/s, for which harmonics of the flute will the string resonate? In each case, which harmonic of the string is in resonance?

Problem 65P An organ pipe has two successive harmonics with frequencies 1372 and 1764 Hz. (a) Is this an open or a stopped pipe? Explain. (b) What two harmonics are these? (c) What is the length of the pipe?

Problem 66P Longitudinal Standing Waves in a Solid. ?Longitudinal standing waves can be produced in a solid rod by holding it at some point between the fingers of one hand and stroking it with the other hand. The rod oscillates with antinodes at both ends. (a) Why are the ends antinodes and not nodes? (b) The fundamental frequency can be obtained by stroking the rod while it is held at its center. Explain why this is the ?only ?place to hold the rod to obtain the fundamental. (c) Calculate the fundamental frequency of a steel rod of length 1.50 m (see Table 16.1). (d) What is the next possible standing-wave frequency of this rod? Where should the rod be held to excite a standing wave of this frequency?

Problem 64P ?A New Musical Instrument. You have designed a new musical instrument of very simple construction. Your design consists of a metal tube with length ?L and diameter L?/10. You have stretched a string of mass per unit length ?µ across the open end of the tube. The other end of the tube is closed. To produce the musical effect you’re looking for, you want the frequency of the third-harmonic standing wave on the string to be the same as the fundamental frequency for sound waves in the air column in the tube. The speed of sound waves in this air column is ???s. (a) What must be the tension of the string to produce the desired effect? (b) What happens to the sound produced by the instrument if the tension is changed to twice the value calculated in part (a)? (c) For the tension calculated in part (a), what other harmonics of the string, if any, are in resonance with standing waves in the air column?

Problem 68P The frequency of the note F4 is 349 Hz. (a) If an organ pipe is open at one end and closed at the other, what length must it have for its fundamental mode to produce this note at 20.0o C? (b) At what air temperature will the frequency be 370 Hz, corresponding to a rise in pitch from F to F-sharp? (Ignore the change in length of the pipe due to the temperature change.)

Problem 67P A long tube contains air at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 77.0°C. The tube is open at one end and closed at the other by a movable piston. A tuning fork near the open end is vibrating with a frequency of 500 Hz. Resonance is produced when the piston is at distances 18.0, 55.5, and 93.0 cm from the open end. (a) From these measurements, what is the speed of sound in air at 77.0°C? (b) From the result of part (a), what is the value of ???? (c) These data show that a displacement antinode is slightly outside of the open end of the tube. How far outside is it?

Problem 69P A standing wave with a frequency of 1100 Hz in a column of methane (CH4) at 20.0°C produces nodes that are 0.200 m apart. What is the value of ?? for methane? (The molar mass of methane is 16.0 g/mol.)

Problem 70P Two identical loudspeakers are located at points A and B, 2.00 m apart. The loud-speakers are driven by the same amplifier and produce sound waves with a frequency of 784 Hz. Take the speed of sound in air to be 344 m/s. A small microphone is moved out from point B along a line perpendicular to the line connecting A and B (line BC in ?Fig. P16.65?). (a) At what distances from B will there be ?destructive interference? (b) At what distances from B will there be ?constructive interference? (c) If the frequency is made low enough, there will be no positions along the line BC at which destructive interference occurs. How low must the frequency be for this to be the case?

Wagnerian Opera?. A man marries a great Wagnerian soprano but, alas, he discovers he cannot stand Wagnerian opera. In order to save his eardrums, the unhappy man decides he must silence his larklike wife for good. His plan is to tie her to the front of his car and send car and soprano speeding toward a brick wall. This soprano is quite shrewd, however, having studied physics in her student days at the music conservatory. She realizes that this wall has a resonant frequency of 600 Hz, which means that if a continuous sound wave of this frequency hits the wall, it will fall down, and she will be saved to sing more Isoldes. The car is heading toward the wall at a high speed of 30 m/s. (a) At what frequency must the soprano sing so that the wall will crumble (b) What frequency will the soprano hear reflected from the wall just before it crumbles?

Problem 72P A bat flies toward a wall, emitting a steady sound of frequency 1.70 kHz. This bat hears its own sound plus the reflected by the wall. How fast should the bat fly in order to hear beat frequency of 10.0 Hz?

Problem 74P BIO Ultrasound in Medicine. ?A 2.00-MHz sound wave travels through a pregnant woman’s abdomen and is reflected from the fetal heart wall of her unborn baby. The heart wall is moving toward the sound receiver as the heart beats. The reflected sound is then mixed with the transmitted sound, and 72 beats per second are detected. The speed of sound in body tissue is 1500 m/s. Calculate the speed of the fetal heart wall at the instant this measurement is made.

Problem 73P A person leaning over a 125-m-deep well accidentally drops a siren emitting sound of frequency 2500 before this siren hits the bottom of the well, find the frequency and wavelength of the sound the person hears (a) coming directly from the siren aud (b) reflected off the bottom of the well, (c) What beat frequency does this person perceive?

Problem 80P CP A turntable 1.50 m in diameter rotates at 75 rpm. Two speakers, each giving off sound of wavelength 31.3 cm, are attached to the rim of the table at opposite ends of a diameter. A listener stands in front of the turntable. (a) What is the greatest beat frequency the listener will receive from this system? (b) Will the listener be able to distinguish individual beats?

Problem 76P CP A police siren of frequency fsiren is attached to a vibrating platform. The platform and siren oscillate up and down in simple harmonic motion with amplitude Ap and frequency fp. (a) Find the maximum and minimum sound frequencies that you would hear at a position directly above the siren. (b) At what point in the motion of the platform is the maximum frequency heard? The minimum frequency? Explain.

Problem 79P Supernova! ?The gas cloud known as the Crab Nebula can be seen with even a small telescope. It is the remnant of a ?supernova, ?a cataclysmic explosion of a star. The explosion was seen on the earth on July 4, 1054 C.E. The streamers glow with the characteristic red color of heated hydrogen gas. In a laboratory on the earth, heated hydrogen produces red light with frequency ) (b) Assuming that the expansion speed has been constant since the supernova explosion, estimate the diameter of the Crab Nebula. Give your answer in meters and in light-years. (c) The angular diameter of the Crab Nebula as seen from earth is about 5 arc minutes (1 arc minute = 1/60 degree)Estimate the distance (in light- ears) to the Crab Nebula, and estimate the year in which the supernova explosion actually took place.

Problem 78P (a)Show that Eq. (16.30) can be written as Use the binomial theorem to show that if this is u « c is approximately equal to )

Problem 77P BIO Horseshoe bats (genus ?Rhinolophus?) emit sounds from their nostrils and then listen to the frequency of the sound reflected from their prey to determine the prey’s speed. (The “horseshoe” that gives the bat its name is a depression around the nostrils that acts like a focusing mirror, so that the bat emits sound in a narrow beam like a flashlight.) A Rhinolophus flying at speed vbat emits sound of frequency fbat; the sound it hears reflected from an insect flying toward it has a higher frequency frefl. (a) Show that the speed of the insect is where v is the speed of sound. (b) If fbat = 80.7 kHz, frefl = 83.5 kHz, and vbat = 3.9 m/s, calculate the speed of the insect.

Problem 75P The sound source of a ship’s sonar system operates at a frequency of 18.0 kHz. The speed of sound in water (assumed to be at a uniform 20o C) is 1482 m/s. (a) What is the wavelength of the waves emitted by the source? (b) What is the difference in frequency between the directly radiated waves and the waves reflected from a whale traveling directly toward the ship at 4.95 m/s? The ship is at rest in the water.

Problem 81P A woman stands at rest in front of a large, smooth wall. She holds a vibrating tuning fork of frequency ?f?0 directly in front of her (between her and the wall). (a) The woman now runs toward the wall with speed ?w She detects beats due to the interference between the sound waves reaching her directly from the fork and those reaching her after being reflected from the wall. How many beats per second will she detect? (?Note?: If the beat frequency is too large, the woman may have to use some instrumentation other than her ears to detect and count the beats. (b) If the woman instead runs away from the wall. holding the tuning fork at her back so it is between her and the wall, how many beats per second will she detect?

Problem 82P On a clear day you see a jet plane flying overhead. From the apparent size of the plane, you determine that it is flying at a constant altitude ?h?. You hear the sonic boom at time ?T after the plane passes directly overhead. Show that if the speed of sound ?? is the same at all altitudes, the speed of the plane is (?Hint?: Trigonometric identities will be useful.)

Problem 83CP CALC Figure P16.75 shows the pressure fluctuation p of a non sinusoidal sound wave as a function of x for t = 0. The wave is traveling in the +x-direction. (a) Graph the pressure fluctuation p as a function of t for x = 0. Show at least two cycles of oscillation. (b) Graph the displacement y in this sound wave as a function of x at t = 0. At x = 0, the displacement at t = 0 is zero. Show at least two wavelengths of the wave. (c) Graph the displacement y as a function of t for x = 0. Show at least two cycles of oscillation. (d) Calculate the maximum velocity and the maximum acceleration of an element of the air through which this sound wave is traveling. (e) Describe how the cone of a loudspeaker must move as a function of time to produce the sound wave in this problem.