Solutions for Chapter 13: Chemical Kinetics

A pattern of variation in the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of wavelength. (Section 23.5)

A conformation of cyclohexane in which all bond angles are fairly close to 109.5° and many hydrogen atoms are eclipsing each other.

A step in a chain reaction characterized by the formation of reactive intermediates (radicals, anions, or cations) from nonradical or noncharged molecules

The production of chlorine gas by the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl solution. (22.6)

A [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement that is observed for allylic vinylic ethers.

A monosaccharide that, when written as a Fischer projection, has the !OH on its penultimate carbon to the right.

Having the same energy.

In electrocyclicreactions, a type of rotation in which the orbitalsbeing used to form the new s bond must rotate in opposite directions (one rotates clockwise while the other rotates counterclockwise).

Diastereomers that differ from each other in the configuration of only one chirality center.

Plasma particles, density 1.06–1.21 g/mL, consisting of approximately 33% proteins, 30% cholesterol, 29% phospholipids, and 8% triglycerides.

The predominant form of the proton in aqueous solution. (Section 16.2)

The radical cation formed by removal of a single electron from a parent molecule in a mass spectrometer.

A covalent bond between atoms whose difference in electronegativity is less than approximately 0.5.

An organic compound containing at least one halogen.

Reversibly creating an unreactive group for the purpose of preventing a functional group from potentially reacting to give an unwanted product or products

The probability that the electron will be found at a certain distance from the nucleus. (Section 6.6)

An isotope that is radioactive; that is, it is undergoing nuclear changes with emission of radiation. (Section 21.1)

Compounds containing silicon and oxygen, structurally based on SiO4 tetrahedra. (Section 22.10)

Cleavage by heating

Groups that weakly activate an aromatic ring toward electrophilic aromatic substitution, thereby enhancing the rate of the reaction.