Solutions for Chapter 18: Introductory Chemistry 5th Edition

The difference in Gibbs free energy between reactants and a transition state

The product obtained when the aldehyde group of an aldose is reduced.

Instability that arises when a planar ring of continuously overlapping p orbitals contains 4n p electrons.

A substance that forms complex ions with metal ions in solution. (23.3)

Properties that describe a substance’s composition and its reactivity; how the substance reacts or changes into other substances. (Section 1.3)

A type of double-stranded DNA in which the 59 and 39 ends of each strand are joined by phosphodiester groups.

Any substituent on a benzene ring that causes the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution to be lower than that for benzene.

An ion formed by the addition of an electron to a hydrogen atom: H-. (Section 7.7)

The polarization of the electron density of a covalent bond caused by the electronegativity of a nearby atom.

The short-range attractive forces operating between the particles that make up the units of a liquid or solid substance. These same forces also cause gases to liquefy or solidify at low temperatures and high pressures. (Chapter 11: Introduction)

The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule to a distance where there is no electrostatic interaction between the resulting ion and electron.

Bonding, usually in solid metals, in which the bonding electrons are relatively free to move throughout the three-dimensional structure. (Section 8.1)

A compound that lacks a ring with a continuous system of overlapping p orbitals.

A building block of nucleic acids, consisting of d-ribose or 2-deoxy-d-ribose bonded to a heterocyclic aromatic amine base by a b-N-glycosidic bond

A reaction that takes place in a single step, without intermediates, and involves a cyclic redistribution of bonding electrons

A vibrational molecular spectroscopy that is complementary to infrared (IR) spectroscopy in that infrared inactive vibrations are seen in Raman spectroscopy.

Reactions that utilize copper salts (CuX) and enable the installation of a halogen or a cyano group on an aromatic ring.

A synthetictechnique for preparing racemic a-amino acidsfrom aldehydes.

A polymer with alternating R and S confi gurations at the chiral centers along its chain, as, for example, syndiotactic polypropylene

For alkenes, a stereodescriptor that indicates that the two priority groups are on the same side of the p bond.