Solved: For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a

What are the two general concepts involved in equilibrium?

What is the rate of a chemical reaction? What is the difference between a chemical reaction with a fast rate and one with a slow rate?

Problem 5Q What is unique about carbon and carbon-based compounds? Why did life evolve around carbon?

Why do chemists seek to control reaction rates?

Problem 4Q What is vitalism? How was vitalism usurped?

In Chapter \(13\), we learned about the “dirty dozen”—\(12\) chemical compounds that have been targeted by governments around the world to be banned. These compounds are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because once they enter the environment, they remain for long periods of time. Examine the structures of the compounds shown here. What functional groups can you identify within the compounds? (They may have more than one.) What structural features do many of these compounds have in common?

Problem 9Q What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Problem 8Q What are the main classifications of hydrocarbons? What are their generic molecular formulas?

Problem 10Q Explain the difference between a molecular formula, a structural formula, and a condensed structural formula.

What are hydrocarbons? What are the main uses of hydrocarbons?

Problem 6Q Describe the geometry about a carbon atom that forms: (a) four single bonds (b) two single bonds and one double bond (c) one single bond and one triple bond

Problem 11Q Explain the difference between n-alkanes and branched alkanes.

Problem 24Q Provide an example of a common ether and its main uses.

Problem 25Q What are the generic structures of aldehydes and ketones? Write the structure of a specific aldehyde and a specific ketone.

Problem 28Q List some examples of common carboxylic acids and esters and where you might find them.

Problem 27Q What are the generic structures of carboxylic acids and esters? Write the structure of a specific carboxylic acid and a specific ester.

Problem 29Q What is the generic structure of amines? Write the structures of two specific amines.

Problem 26Q List some examples of common aldehydes and ketones and where you might find them.

Problem 31Q Explain what a polymer is and describe the difference between a polymer and a copolymer.

Problem 32Q Explain the difference between an addition polymer and a condensation polymer.

Provide an example of a common amine and where you might find it.

Problem 33P Determine whether each compound is a hydrocarbon. (a) C5H12O (b) NH3 (c) C8H16 (d) C2H6.

Problem 35P Based on the molecular formula, determine if each com­pound is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne. (Assume that all the compounds are noncyclic and do not contain more than one multiple bond.) (a) C4H6 (b) C6H14 (c) C8H14 (d) C11H22

Problem 34P Determine whether each compound is a hydrocarbon. (a) CH2O (b) CH4 (c) C6H6 (d) C2H7N

Problem 36P Based on the molecular formula, determine if each compound is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne. (Assume that all the compounds are noncyclic and do not contain more than one multiple bond.) (a) C3H6 (b) C6H10 (c) C3H8 (d) C5H10

Write a structural formula and a condensed structural formula for each alkane. (a) heptanes (b) octane (c) hexane (d) ethane

Write a structural formula and a condensed structural formula for each alkane. (a) methane (b) pentane (c) butane (d) propane

Write structural formulas for each of the two isomers of butane.

Write structural formulas for each of the three isomers of pentane.

Problem 42P Write structural formulas for all of the nine isomers of heptane.

Name each alkane.

Problem 41P Write structural formulas for any five isomers of octane.

Name each alkane. .

Problem 45P Draw a structure for each alkane. (a) 2-methylbutane (b) 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane (c) 3-isopropylheptane (d) 2,5-dimethyloctane

Problem 46P Draw a structure for each alkane. (a) 3-ethylhexane (b) 3,3-dimethylpentane (c) 3-ethyl-3-methylpentane (d) 4,4-diethyloctane

Determine what is wrong with the name of each alkane and provide the correct name.

Determine what is wrong with the name of each alkane and provide the correct name.

Complete the table.

Complete the table.

Problem 51P Write a structural formula and a condensed structural for­mula for any two alkenes.

Problem 52P Write a structural formula and a condensed structural for­mula for any two alkynes.

Problem 53P Write structural formulas for all of the possible structural isomers of w-pentene that can be formed by moving the po­sition of the double bond.

Problem 54P Write structural formulas for all of the possible isomers of w-hexyne that can be formed by moving the position of the triple bond.

Name each alkyne.

Problem 59P Provide correct structures for each compound. (a) 2-hexene (b) 3-heptyne (c) 3-methyl-1-pentyne (d) 4,4-dimethyl-2-hexene

Provide correct structures for each compound. (a) 3-octyne (b) 1-pentene (c) 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentyne (d) 4-ethyl-3-methyl-2-octene

Problem 61P Draw and name all of the possible structural isomers of CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3.

Problem 62P Draw and name all of the possible alkyne isomers of CH ? CCH2CH2CH2CH3. .

Complete the table.

Problem 65P Complete and balance each hydrocarbon combustion reaction. (a) CH3CH3 + O2 ? (b) CH2=CHCH3 + O2 ? (c) CH ? CH + O2 ?

Complete and balance each hydrocarbon combustion reaction. (a) \(\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3+\mathrm{O}_2 \longrightarrow\) (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_2=\mathrm{CH}_2+\mathrm{O}_2 \longrightarrow\) (c) \(\mathrm{CH} \equiv \mathrm{CCH}_2 \mathrm{CH}_3+\mathrm{O}_2 \longrightarrow\)

Problem 67P What are the products of this alkane substitution reaction? (Assume monosubstitution.) CH4 + Br2?

Explain how the two resonance structures together represent the true structure of benzene.

Name each monosubstituted benzene.

Name each monosubstituted benzene.

Problem 69P What are the products of this alkene addition reaction? CH3CH=CHCH3 + Cl2?

Name each compound in which the benzene ring is treated as a substituent.

Based on its functional group, match the structure on the left with the correct name on the right.

Based on its functional group, match the structure on the left with the correct name on the right.

For each molecule, identify the functional group and the family.

Name each alcohol.

For each molecule, identify the functional group and the family.

Name each alcohol.

Problem 89P Draw a structure for each alcohol. (a) 3-pentanol (b) 2-methyl-1-butanol (c) 3-ethyl-2-hexanol (d) Ethanol

Problem 90P Draw a structure for each alcohol. (a) 1-hexanol (b) 3,4-dimethyl-2-heptanol (c) 3-propyl-3-octanol (d) 3,3-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1-hexanol

Problem 91P For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a structure if the name is given. (a) dibutyl ether (b) H3C-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH3 (c) H3C-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH3 (d) methyl pentyl ether

For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a structure if the name is given.

For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a structure if the name is given.

For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a structure if the name is given.

For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a structure if the name is given.

For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a structure if the name is given. (a) hexanoic acid

For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a structure if the name is given.

For each compound, provide a name if the structure is given, or provide a structure if the name is given.

Polyisobutylene is an addition polymer formed from the monomer shown here. Draw the structure of the polymer.

Teflon is an addition polymer formed from the monomer shown here. Draw the structure of the polymer.

One kind of polyester is a condensation copolymer formed between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Draw the structure of the dimer and circle the ester functional group. Hint: Water (circled) is eliminated when the bond between the monomers forms.

Lexan, a polycarbonate, is a condensation copolymer formed between carbonic acid and bisphenol A. Draw the structure of the dimer. Hint: Water (circled) is eliminated when the bond between the monomers forms.

Identify each organic compound as an alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.

Name each compound.

Identify each organic compound as an alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine.

For each set of structures, determine whether the two structures are isomers or the same molecule drawn in two different ways.

Name each compound.

Problem 109P Complete the equation. CH2=CH2 + HCl ?

Problem 110P Complete the equation (assume only one addition). CH?CH + HI ?

What is the minimum amount of hydrogen gas in grams required to completely hydrogenate 15.5 kg of 2-butene? Hint: Begin by writing a balanced equation for the hydrogenation reaction.

How many kilograms of are produced by the complete combustion of 3.8 kg of n-octane? Hint: Begin by writing a balanced equation for the combustion of n- octane.

What minimum volume of oxygen gas (at STP) is required for the complete combustion of 18.9 kg of octane?

What minimum volume of hydrogen gas (at STP) is required to fully hydrogenate 15.5 kg of propyne?

For each set of structures, determine whether the two structures are isomers or the same molecule drawn in two different ways.

Problem 68P What are the products of this alkane substitution reaction? (Assume monosubstitution.) CH3CH3 + I2?

Based on the space-filling model shown, identify the family for each molecule.

Problem 12Q What are isomers? List some examples.

Problem 13Q What are alkenes? How are they different from alkanes?

What are alkynes? How are they different from alkanes?

Problem 15Q What are hydrocarbon combustion reactions? Provide an example.

Problem 16Q What are alkane substitution reactions? Provide an example.

Problem 17Q What is an alkene addition reaction? Provide an example.

Name each alkene.

Name each alkene.

What are the products of this alkene addition reaction?

Complete the hydrogenation reaction. \(\mathrm{CH}_2=\mathrm{CH}_2+\mathrm{H}_2 \longrightarrow\)

Problem 72P Complete the hydrogenation reaction. CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2 + H2?

Draw the full structural formula represented by each shorthand formula.

Name each compound in which the benzene ring is treated as a substituent.

Draw a structure for each compound. (a) butylbenzene (b) 1-ethyl-2-iodobenzene (c) para-dimethylbenzene

Problem 82P Draw a structure for each compound. (a) Isopropylbenzene (b) meta-dibromobenzene (c) 1-bromo-4-ethylbenzene

Name each disubstituted benzene.

Name each disubstituted benzene.

Problem 18Q What is an alkyne addition reaction? Provide an example.

Problem 23Q What is the generic structure of ethers? Write the structures of two specific ethers.

Problem 22Q List examples of some common alcohols and where you might find them.

Suppose a fuel-cell generator produces electricity for a house. If each \(\mathrm{H}_2\) molecule produces \(2 \mathrm{e}^{-}\), how many kilograms of hydrogen are required to generate the electricity needed for a typical house? Assume the home uses about 850 kWh of electricity per month, which corresponds to approximately \(2.65 \times 10^4 \mathrm{~mol}\) of electrons at the voltage of a fuel cell.

Problem 20Q What is a functional group? List some examples.

Describe the structure of benzene. What are the different ways in which this structure is represented?