Solutions for Chapter 4: Introductory Chemistry 5th Edition

Organic bases that have the functional group —NR2, where R may be H, an alkyl group, or an aromatic group. (24.4)

The individual repeating units in a polypeptide chain or protein.

A conformation in which the dihedral angle between two groups is 180°.

The process whereby water spontaneously forms low concentrations of H+1aq2 and OH-1aq2 ions by proton transfer from one water molecule to another. (Section 16.3)

A solution of (a) a weak acid or base and (b) its salt; both components must be present. The solution has the ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base. (16.3)

Incorporation of a hetero atom into a solid to change its electrical properties. For example, incorporation of P into Si. (Section 12.7)

A material that can undergo a substantial change in shape via stretching, bending, or compression and return to its original shape upon release of the distorting force. (Section 12.6)

A device in which a nonspontaneous oxidation–reduction reaction is caused to occur by passage of current under a sufficient external electrical potential. (Section 20.9)

Instrumentation that is capable of separating ions that differ in mass by as little as 0.0001 amu

A process performed in the presence of hydrogen gas by which large alkanes in petroleum are converted into smaller alkanes that are more suitable for use as gasoline.

An equation of state for gases that embodies Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s hypothesis in the form PV = nRT. (Section 10.4)

A term used to label a chiral molecule that rotates the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light to the left (counterclockwise). (Section 24.4)

The absorbance of a 1 M solution of a compound.

An electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction that involves the installation of a nitro group (NO2) on an aromatic ring.

The net movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane toward the solution with greater solute concentration. (Section 13.5)

A term used to designate the configuration of a chirality center, determined in the following way: Each of the four groups is assigned a priority, and the molecule is then rotated (if necessary) so that the #4 group is directed behind the page (on a dash). A clockwise sequence for 1-2-3 is designated as R.

The absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a precessing nucleus and the resulting “fl ip” of its nuclear spin from the lower energy state to the higher energy state.

Movement of a molecule as though it is spinning like a top. (Section 19.3)

An alternative name for an imine

A reagent used to perform a Wittig reaction.