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What are chemicals? Give some examples.

Why does soda fizz?

What do chemists try to do? How do they understand the natural world?

What is meant by the statement, “Matter does what molecules do”? Give an example.

Define chemistry.

Explain the scientific method.

Cite an example from this chapter of the scientific method at work.

Problem 9Q What is the difference between a law and a theory?

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

What is wrong with the statement, “It is just a theory”?

What is the law of conservation of mass, and who discovered it?

What is the atomic theory, and who formulated it?

What are three things you need to do to succeed in this course?

Examine the opening figure of this chapter. Use the information in Section 1.1 to identify the two molecules sitting next to the cola glass and identify each of the atoms within each molecule.

Examine Figure \(1.1\) and, from a molecular point of view, explain why soda pop fizzes. What molecules are inside the bubbles in a glass of soda pop?

Classify each statement as an observation, a law, or a theory. (a) When a metal is burned in a closed container, the sum of the masses of the container and its contents does not change. (b) Matter is made of atoms. (c) Matter is conserved in chemical reactions. (d) When wood is burned in a closed container, its mass does not change.

Problem 18P Classify each statement as an observation, a law, or a theory. (a) The star closest to Earth is moving away from Earth at high speed. (b) A body in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force. (c) The universe began as a cosmic explosion called the Big Bang. (d) A stone dropped from an altitude of 450 m falls to the ground in 9.6 s.

A student prepares several samples of the same gas and measures their mass and volume. The results are tabulated as follows. Formulate a tentative law from the measurements.

A student measures the volume of a gas sample at several different temperatures. The results are tabulated as follows. Formulate a tentative law from the measurements.

A chemist in an imaginary universe does an experiment that attempts to correlate the size of an atom with its chemical reactivity. The results are tabulated as follows. (a) Formulate a law from this data. (b) Formulate a theory to explain the law.

A chemist decomposes several samples of water into hydrogen and oxygen and measures the mass of the hydrogen and the oxygen obtained. The results are tabulated as follows. (a) Summarize these observations in a short statement. Next, the chemist decomposes several samples of carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen. The results are tabulated as follows: (b) Summarize these observations in a short statement. (c) Formulate a law from the observations in (a) and (b). (d) Formulate a theory that might explain your law in (c).