Solutions for Chapter 9: Sports

One of the six kinds of arrow-pushing patterns used in drawing mechanisms for radical reactions. A radical adds to a p bond, destroying the p bond and generating a new radical.

A reaction in which two alkenes interchange the carbons attached to their double bonds.

A copolymer in which the different homopolymer subunits are connected together in one chain.

A measure of the degree to which the electrons are shared unequally between two atoms in a chemical bond. (Section 8.4)

A thermodynamic cycle based on Hess’s law that relates the lattice energy of an ionic substance to its enthalpy of formation and to other measurable quantities. (Section 8.2)

A law stating that at constant temperature, the product of the volume and pressure of a given amount of gas is a constant. (Section 10.3)

A solution of (a) a weak acid or base and (b) its salt; both components must be present. The solution has the ability to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base. (16.3)

A substance that changes the speed of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent chemical change in the process. (Section 14.7)

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes. (1.1)

When signal splitting occurs in NMR spectroscopy, the distance between the individual peaks of a signal.

A compound containing a nitrogen atom directly connected to a carboncarbon p bond.

The energy needed to remove the most loosely held electron from an atom or molecule.

Element in which the 4f subshell is only partially occupied. (Sections 6.8 and 6.9)

The reactant present in the smallest stoichiometric quantity in a mixture of reactants; the amount of product that can form is limited by the complete consumption of the limiting reactant. (Section 3.7)

A form of spectroscopy that involves the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and the nuclei of atoms.

A reaction in which a nucleophile attacks a carboxylic acid derivative.

A term used to designate the configuration of a chirality center, determined in the following way: Each of the four groups is assigned a priority, and the molecule is then rotated (if necessary) so that the #4 group is directed behind the page (on a dash). A clockwise sequence for 1-2-3 is designated as R.

A detailed picture, or model, of how the reaction occurs; that is, the order in which bonds are broken and formed and the changes in relative positions of the atoms as the reaction proceeds. (Section 14.6)

Polymers that are formed under conditions in which the individual monomers react with each other to form oligomers, which are then joined together to form polymers.

A reaction in which only one species is involved in the rate-determining step