Solved: A solution is made by dissolving 23.88 mg of a protein in water and diluting to

Problem 1Q What is the Human Genome Project? What surprising finding of the Human Genome Project is discussed in this chapter?

Problem 2Q What are some of the expected benefits of the Human Genome Project?

Problem 3Q Explain what a cell is and list its main chemical components.

Problem 5Q Is glucose soluble in water? How can you tell? Why is this important?

Problem 6Q Explain the differences between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a polysaccharide.

Problem 7Q What happens to disaccharides and polysaccharides during digestion?

Problem 8Q What is the difference between a simple sugar and a complex carbohydrate?

What are lipids? What are the main functions of lipids?

Problem 9Q What is the difference between starch and cellulose? How does this difference affect digestion?

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a genetic defect that substitutes valine for glutamic acid at one position in two of the four chains of the hemoglobin protein. The result is a decrease in the water solubility of hemoglobin. Examine the structures of valine and glutamic acid in Table \(19.2\) and explain why this might be so. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: 19.2

What are fatty acids? Draw the general structure of a fatty acid.

Explain the difference—as it was viewed at the end of the eighteenth century—between organic and inorganic compounds.

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?

What are phospholipids and glycolipids? What properties do they have in common?

What are the main functions of phospholipids and glyco-lipids in the body?

Problem 17Q What are steroids? What are some of the functions of steroids in the body?

Problem 24Q What determines the shape of a protein? Why is the shape of a protein so important?

Use two generic amino acids to show how a peptide bond forms.

What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat, in terms of both structure and properties?

Problem 25Q What is primary protein structure? What kinds of interactions maintain primary protein structure?

Problem 26Q What is secondary protein structure? What kinds of interactions maintain secondary protein structure?

Problem 36Q Is the genetic code different for different organisms?

Problem 35Q What is the genetic code?

Problem 37Q What is a gene?

Problem 39Q What are chromosomes?

Problem 38Q If a protein contains 300 amino acids, about how many nucleotides are in the gene that codes for it?

Do most cells in the human body contain genes for all of the proteins that a human needs?

Do most cells in the human body synthesize all the proteins for which they have genes?

Describe how DNA replication occurs.

List the complementary base of: (a) adenine (A) (b) thymine (T) (c) cytosine (C) (d) guanine (G)

Describe the process of protein synthesis.

Determine whether each molecule is a carbohydrate. If it is a carbohydrate, classify it as a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a trisaccharide.

Determine whether each molecule is a carbohydrate. If it is a carbohydrate, classify it as a monosaccharide, a disac- charide, or a trisaccharide.

Classify each carbohydrate as a triose, tetrose, pentose, and so on.

Problem 49P Draw the structure of glucose in both its straight chain and its ring form.

Problem 50P Draw the structure of fructose in its ring form. Are fructose and glucose isomers?

Classify each carbohydrate as a triose, tetrose, pentose, and so on.

Problem 51P Draw the structure of sucrose. Label the glucose and fructose rings in this disaccharide.

Problem 52P Draw the structure of lactose. Label the glucose and galactose rings in this disaccharide.

Problem 55P Sketch the block diagram for a triglyceride.

Problem 56P Sketch the block diagram for a phospholipid. How do phospholipids differ from triglycerides?

Determine whether each molecule is a lipid. If the molecule is a lipid, determine the kind of lipid. If it is a fatty acid or a triglyceride, classify it as saturated or unsaturated.

Determine whether each molecule is a lipid. If the molecule is a lipid, determine the kind of lipid. If it is a fatty acid or a triglyceride, classify it as saturated or unsaturated.

Problem 57P Draw the structure of the triglyceride that would form from the reaction of myristic acid with glycerol. Would you expect this triglyceride to be a fat or an oil?

Problem 58P Draw the structure of the triglyceride that would form from the reaction of oleic acid with glycerol. Would you expect this triglyceride to be a fat or an oil?

Determine whether each molecule is an amino acid.

Determine whether each molecule is an amino acid.

Draw a structure for each tripeptide. (a) leu-ala-gly (b) val-thr-lys (c) gly-phe-ser

Draw a structure for each tripeptide. (a) thr-glu-leu (b) glu-tyr-ser (c) ala-ser-val

Problem 65P A cysteine on a protein strand forms a covalent bond with another cysteine that is 35 amino acid units away. The resulting fold in the protein is an example of what kind of structure? (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary)

Show the reaction by which valine and lysine form a peptide bond.

Problem 66P An amino acid on a protein strand hydrogen-bonds to another amino acid that is four amino acid units away. The next amino acid on the chain does the same, hydrogen bonding to an amino acid that is four amino acids away from it. This pattern repeats itself over a significant part of the protein chain. The resulting pattern in the protein is an example of what kind of structure? (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary)

Problem 67P The following is the amino acid sequence in one section of a protein. What kind of structure does it represent? (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary) -lys-glu-thr-ala-ala-ala-lys-phe-glu

Determine whether each structure is that of a nucleotide. For those that are nucleotides, identify \(A, T, C\), or \(G\). Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: A, T, C G

Problem 68P A particular protein is composed of two individual chains of amino acids. The way these two chains fit together is an example of what kind of structure? (primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary)

Determine whether each structure is that of a nucleotide. For those that are nucleotides, identify the base as \(A, T, C\), or \(G\).

Draw the complementary strand of this \(DNA\) strand . Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: DNA

In a step-by-step fashion, show how this section of \(DNA\) would replicate to form two copies. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: DNA

In a step-by-step fashion, show how this section of \(DNA\) would replicate to form two copies. Equation Transcription: Text Transcription: DNA

Show the reaction by which isoleucine and serine form a peptide bond.

Draw the complementary strand of this DNA strand.

Problem 76P Match each monomer with the correct class of biopolymers. (a) Nucleotide (b) Saccharide (c) amino acid • protein • DNA • Starch

Problem 75P Match each linkage with the correct class of biochemicals. (a) glycoside linkage (b) peptide bonds (c) ester linkage • proteins • triglycerides • carbohydrates

Match each biochemical with the correct function in living organisms. (a) Glucose (b) DNA (c) Phospholipids (d) Triglycerides

Match each term with its correct meaning. (a) Codon (b) Gene (c) human genome (d) chromosome

Problem 78P Match each biochemical with the correct function in living organisms. (a) Proteins (b) Cellulose (c) RNA • act as enzymes (among other things) • involved in protein synthesis • structural components of plants

Match each term with its correct meaning. (a) Pentose (b) Dipeptide (c) Diglyceride (d) fatty acid

The amino acid glycine has this condensed structural formula. Determine the VSEPR geometry about each interior atom and make a three-dimensional sketch of the molecule.

Problem 83P Since amino acids are asymmetrical, a peptide with amino acids in a certain order is different from a peptide with the amino acids in the reverse order. For example, gly-val is different from val-gly. Draw the structures of these two dipeptides and show how they are different.

The amino acid serine has this condensed structural formula. Determine the VSEPR geometry about each internal atom and make a three-dimensional sketch of the molecule.

Problem 84P Using abbreviations, write the sequences for all the pos­sible polypeptides that can be made from these three amino acids: thr, gly, ala.

Problem 85P Determining the amino acid sequence in a protein usually involves treating the protein with various reagents that break up the protein into smaller fragments, which can be individually sequenced. Treating a particular 11-amino-acid polypeptide with one reagent produced these fragments: trp-glu-val, gly-arg, ala-ser-phe-gly-asn-lys Treating the same polypeptide with a different reagent produced the following fragments: gly-asn-lys-trp, glu-val, gly-arg-ala-ser-phe What is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide?

Problem 86P Treating a particular polypeptide with one reagent (as described in the previous problem) produced the following fragments: asp-thr-ala-trp, gly-glu-ser-lys, trp-arg Treating the same polypeptide with a different reagent produced the following fragments: thr-ala-trp, gly-glu, ser-lys-trp-arg-asp What is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide?

Problem 87P The insulin protein contains 51 amino acids. How many DNA base pairs are required to code for all the amino acids in insulin?

A hemoglobin subunit contains 146 amino acids. How many DNA base pairs are required to code for all the amino acids in the subunit?

A solution is made by dissolving 23.88 mg of a protein in water and diluting to a total volume of 20.0 mL. The osmotic pressure of the solution is 3.66 torr at \(25^\circ \mathrm C\). What is the molar mass of the protein? (The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the following equation: Osmotic Pressure = \(\mathrm{M \times R \times T}\), where M is the molarity of the solution, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in K.)

Problem 90P A solution is made by dissolving 28.65 mg of a protein in water and diluting to a total volume of 25.0 mL. The osmotic pressure of the solution is 4.55 torr at 25°C. What is the molar mass of the protein? (The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation: Osmotic Pressure = M × R × T, where M is the molarity of the solution, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in K.)

One way to fight viral infections is to prevent viruses from replicating their DNA. Without DNA replication, the virus cannot multiply. Some viral drug therapies cause the introduction of fake nucleotides into cells. When the virus uses one of these fake nucleotides in an attempt to replicate

Problem 4Q What are carbohydrates? What functions do carbohydrates serve in living organisms?